TM ISSN 0186 • 9418 Voices of Mexico is published by the Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte, CISAN (Center for Research on North America) of the Coordinación de Humanidades (Office of the Coordinator of Human ities), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM (National Autonomous University of Mexico). Director Silvia Núñez García Editor-in-Chief Art Director Circulation and Sales Diego Bugeda Bernal Patricia Pérez Ramírez Norma Aída Manzanera Silva Assistant Editor Copyeditor & Translator Subscriptions María Cristina Hernández Escobar Heather Dashner Monk Cynthia Creamer Tejeda Layout Business Manager Ma. Elena Álvarez Sotelo María Soledad Reyes Lucero Special Section Guest Editor Edit Antal Fodróczy Rector, UNAM José Narro Robles Coordinator of Humanities Estela Morales Campos Director of the Center For Research On North America (CISAN) Silvia Núñez García EDITORIAL BOARD Sergio Aguayo, Carlos Alba Vega, Arturo Borja Tamayo, Jorge Bustamante, Jorge Car pizo, Fernando Rafael Castañeda Sabido, Lourdes N. 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TM Editorial 4 Our Voice Silvia Núñez García Issue 93 Spring-Summer 2012 Politics 7 The Mexican Elections: Three Scenarios Leonardo Curzio 11 Elections, Governance, And Coalition Governments Tania de la Paz Pérez Farca Society 15 Corridos! Tales of Passion And Revolution by Luis Valdez. © Estate of Leonora Carrington. Private collection. An Adapted Tradition Graciela Martínez-Zalce 20 The New Migration Law. Mexico’s Continuing Failure to Protect Migrants John Washington Economy 24 The Euro Crisis Cover And the Mexican Economy Bird Seizes Jewel, detail, 1969, 60.6 x 61 cm Alejandro Toledo Patiño (oil on masonite). 29 The Economic Impact of Violence in Mexico Enrique Pino Hidalgo 34 Cranking Up the Volume So Asia Can Hear Imtiaz Hussain North American Issues 40 Human Rights and Non-State Violence U.S. and Canadian Refusal Of Asylum to Mexicans Ariadna Estévez 44 The Schengen Cooperation 104 Bioethanol: Challenges for Implementation Border Security: Between Freedom Berenice Trujillo-Martínez, María E. Of Movement and Illegal Migration Rodríguez-Alegría, and Alfredo Martínez Kurt Schelter 108 Energy and GHG Policy Options Art and Culture For Mexico’s Private Transport Arón Jazcilevich 49 TRIBUTE TO A GREAT ARTIST 50 Leonora Carrington: Telescope and Microscope 114 Biofuels and Sustainable Rural Alberto Blanco Development in Mexico María Elena Goytia Jiménez 58 Leonora Carrington and Her Fantastic Oeuvre Isaac Masri 117 Agrofuels in Mexico: Challenges for Food and Energy Sovereignty 64 Not the Brush, but the Pen Olivia Acuña Rodarte and Yolanda Massieu Trigo Federico Patán 120 Biofuels, a Chance for Energy 68 Leonora Carrington, Muralist Self-Sufficiency in Mexico’ Countryside Luis Rius Caso Julieta Evangelina Sánchez Cano 74 Leonora Carrington for Art Lovers 123 Agrofuel Plantations in Chiapas María Cristina Hernández Escobar And Their Socio-Environmental Impact Miguel Ángel García Aguirre 76 Eduardo Olbés Matter and Form In Memoriam Alexandra G. Aktories 127 Jorge Carpizo and His Generation History Héctor Fix-Fierro 82 Cinco de Mayo 129 Jorge Carpizo The Mexican National Holiday An Exemplary University Career Most Celebrated in the United States Héctor Fix-Zamudio Patricia Galeana 132 Jorge Carpizo Museums No Twilight for a National Hero Diego Valadés 88 Electoral Campaign Materials in Twentieth-Century Mexico Reviews An Exhibit at the MODO Isabel Morales Quezada 135 Cantar de espejos. Poesía testimonial chicana de mujeres Special Section Pilar Rodríguez Aranda 97 BIOFUELS IN MEXICO: PROS AND CONS 138 Transborder Lives. Indigenous Oaxacans 98 Biofuels: A Global Context In Mexico, California, and Oregon And Viability in Mexico Hernán Salas Quintanal Edit Antal and Ernesto Carmona OUR VOICE ne month before Mexicans go to the polls, the three presidential candidates for the Ocountry’s dominant parties (PRI, PAN, and PRD) have intensified their win strategies, particularly focusing on mutual mudslinging. The first televised debate in early May clearly showed this up. Enrique Peña Nieto (Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI), who at that time held a considerable lead over his opponents, was the target for attacks from right-wing candi- date Josefina Vázquez Mota (National Action Party, PAN) and left leader Andrés Ma nuel López Obrador (Party of the Democratic Revolution, PRD). At that time some of us asked our- selves who would come out the loser of that exercise, since the citizenry continue to have expectations without being able to contrast the arguments and ideas that should underlie presidential hopefuls’ platforms. However, the second —surprise— event has changed this scenario in less than a month. The protagonists have been a movement of university students, which, although it began paradoxically in a private institution of higher learning, has sparked a massive, enthusiastic, inclusive response through the big social networks. The result has been that the gap between the PRI and the PRD is closing, to the detriment of the PAN, which has currently fallen to third place in voter preferences. This movement’s main demands have been to create “awareness” and not to vote for Enrique Peña Nieto (PRI), based on what it understands his party to represent, plus the demo c- ratization of the mass media. Confronting the customs of a stagnant political culture, these young people oppose the big interests of the country’s two television mono polies, Televisa and TV Azteca, which had been imposing their views on the public with their 95 percent coverage of broadcast space. The movement, which calls itself “#IAm132,” has been joined by unions and peasant groups in several important mobilizations, fundamentally in Mexico City. This has earned the name “The Mexican Spring,” but above all has injected vitality back into the presidential campaign in the sphere of concrete proposals. The Mexican case once again shows the influence of the “new social media,” although the result of the elections and the route the movement itself will take are still impossible to predict, above all because the use of these new technologies shows an instantaneous capa- city for socialization and calls for action, but not necessarily for profound analysis, reflection, and interpretation of a complex phenomenon like the situation of Mexico today. In any case, we would invite you to review our “Politics” section, which in this issue will give you details of the current political situation in an article by Leonardo Curzio, as well another by Tania de la Paz, focusing on the challenges we face in terms of governance. Linked to this is the article in our “Museums” section, which highlights an exhibit about the history of electoral publicity in Mexico, a core issue that undoubtedly gives rise to passionate controversies about issues like campaign funding or the risk of image superseding 4 political content. This is where one of the vicissitudes of modern democracy comes into play: the public’s exercise of its undeniable right to information is directly related to the media, while in election processes, equal access to resources and air time so the parties can make themselves known to the public becomes all the more pressing. In other matters, a couple of this issue’s sections touch on the recurring topic of migra- tion, moving through discursive spheres ranging from cinema to political sociology. In the first case, Graciela Martínez-Zalce brings to our attention Luis Valdez, his renowned Teatro Campesino, and his specific vocation of recovering the historic corrido. Her article reviews a one-hour television video romantically honoring the corrido, from before