"- - 70.096 60.096 50.096 40.096 30.096 20.096 10.096 0.0% Fig. 1 Most abundant Apiformes species calculated as a proportion of the total abundance of Apiformes in the collection period. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. 04% 1 j 0.391> 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% Fig. 2 Least abundant Apiformes species calculated as a proportion of the total abundance of Apiformes in the collection period. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008.7 Fig. 3 Most abundant Carabidae species calculated as a proportion of the total abundance of Carabidae in the collection period. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. Fig. 4 Least abundant Carabidae species calculated as a proportion of the total abundance of Carabidae in the collection period. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. Fig. 5 Asilidae species abundance calculated as a proportion of the total abundace of Asilidae in the collection period. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Fig. 6 Butterfly species abundance calculated as a proportion of the total abundance of butterflies in the collection period. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. Fig. 7 Most abundant Orthoptera species calculated as a proportion of the total abundance of Orthoptera in the collection period. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. Fig. 8 Moderately abundant Orthoptera species calculated as a proportion of the total abundance of Orthoptera in the collection period. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. Fig. 9 Least abundant Orthoptera species calculated as a proportion of the total abundance of Orthoptera in the collection period. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. Fig. 10 Apiformes dominant species comparison between 2007 and 2008. Each species as a percentage of the entire taxa. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. Fig. 11 Carabidae dominant species comparison between 2007 and 2008. Each species as a percentage of the entire taxa. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. Fig. 12 Asilidae dominant species comparison between 2007 and 2008. Each species as a percentage of the entire taxa. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. 2009 Butterflies Other Callophrys gryneus Pyrgus communis Hesperia pahaska Hesperia uncas Phyciodes picta Nathalis iole Euptoieta claudia Pontia protodice Cercyonis pegala Speyeria coronis Colias philodice Brephidium exile Fig. 13 Butterfly dominant species comparison between 2007, 2008 and 2009. Each species as a percentage of the entire taxa. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2009 Fig. 14 Orthoptera dominant species comparison between 2007 and 2008. Each species as a percentage of the entire taxa. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. Fig. 15 Acrididae dominant species comparison between 2007 and 2008. Each species as a percentage of the entire taxa. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. The only species of concern observed in 2007, Euphilotes rita (Mattoni, [1966]) was not observed in 2008. In an effort to document E. rita in 2008, we searched for host plants, larvae and adults of this species while carrying out other collection work, in additon to the butterfly survey technique that was used to document the species in 2007. We collected two individuals of a moth, Alypia octomaculata (Fabricius), in the Cottonwood habitat. The occurrence of the moth at Pinon Canyon will be a range extension if a persistent population can be demonstrated. We will look for A. octomaculata larva and its plant hosts in 2009 to verify a persistant population. We collected 86 new species this year. The biology and behavor of the individual species will determine a species presence in a habitat based on yearly environmental variations. An updated species list can be found in Appendix 1. Species added to the list in 2008 are in bold. Habitat Results Fig. 16 Sand sagebrush habitat in June of 2007 on the left and June of 2008 on the right to demonstrate differences in habitat quality. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. Habitat quality was relatively poor in 2008 when compared with 2007, based on visual assessment of the habitat by the presence of green, flowering plants or moisture and the overall lack of rain in 2008 (Fig. 16). The habitat resources were scarce in most plant communities we studied throughout the collection period with the exception of cottonwood habitat that is associated with a continuous water source. There was a general trend for species to be found in a more restricted set of habitats in 2008 than in 2007 and more individuals were collected near permanent water sources. Several species, like Amara quenseli, Nathalis iole, and Melanoplus discolor that were present in multiple habitats in 2007 were only observed in a single or few habitats in 2008 (Appendix 2). In contrast, some species, like Anthophora sp., Efferia sp., Psilocurus camposi, and Amara carinata that were found in few habitats in 2007 were found in additional habitats in 2008 (Appendix 2). The presence of a species like Arphia conspersa, Melanoplus flavidus, or Philonicus limpidipennis in different habitats from 2007 demonstraites either an increase the amount of time actively searching for food and mates or that species’ ability to outcompete other species that are less drought tolerant. Table 2: Total specimens, number of species, and diversity indices for collections from nine sites at Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. Total Individuals Habitat Shannon's Index Shannon's Evenness Modified Simpson's Index Species collected JUMO/BOER 3.32 0.05 0.93 372 64 BOGR/HIJA 2.34 0.04 0.80 980 57 ARFI/YUGL2 2.68 0.04 0.86 766 60 ATCA/SPAI 2.78 0.05 0.88 490 56 ARFI/YUGL1 2.80 0.05 0.88 588 60 PODE/BRJA 2.50 0.03 0.81 1,262 80 OPIM/BOGR 2.03 0.04 0.78 746 46 GLME/FRJA 1.97 0.05 0.68 453 40 TA spp. 1.46 0.10 0.69 513 14 While diversity was relativley high in 2008, evenness was very low. High diversity with a low evenness indicated that there was still a high number of species in the habitat and that they were relativley abundant, but the likelyhood of encountering any particular species at a single collection event or time period was low. The low evenness indicates the insect population was unpredicable and unstable. The juniper habitat had the highest diversity and had a more stable community of insects than any other habitat. Most of the habitats were comparable in diversity and evenness, except the Tamarix sp. site. It had a low diversity and a very low evenness. This indicates that most species are not consistantly using this habitat and are most likely vagrant individuals who are just passing through. The highest number of individuals were collected at the cottonwood habitat, where water was available throughout the year. Species present in the habitats were much lower when compared to 2007. Sampling Results Pitfall sampling was the most productive collection technique for 2008, yielding the most individuals and species. Although the diversity was slightly less than the other techniques, Shannon’s diversity (2.96-2.87) and evenness of Shannon’s diverstiy (0.078-0.026) were very similar for all collection techniques (Table 3). Evenness for all categories was less than 0.10 (low), with samples being very variable (Table 3). Surveys were still important techniques although the Asilid and Apiformes surveys were relatively unsucessful (Table 3). The low collection success was likely caused by the climatic conditions and little persistance of suitable food for these groups in any one location. The current collection techniques appear to be satisfactory and we will conduct the 2009 surveys in the same manner. Table 3: Total specimens, number of species, and diversity indices for three collection methods at Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, 2008. Total Collection Shannon's Shannon's Modified individuals Species method Index Evenness Simpson's Index collected Pitfalls Trap 5,515 112 2.87 0.026 0.89 Surveys 348 63 2.96 0.047 0.88 Malaise Trap 323 39 2.93 0.075 0.91 Conclusions The biodiversity project at Pinon Canyon Manuever Site is continuing to add species to the species list as well as gaining valuable insight into habitat presence of a species as a preliminary indication of habitat use. Diversity remained similar between years independent of climate differences, but the ability to document all species in an area was reduced as indicated by the low evenness of Shannon’s diversity and the low abundance of species that were collected in 2008. Habitat presence of species will shift with changing climatic events. The difference in climate from year to year strongly influences the collection and analysis of results. Climatic differences confound habitat usage. Without multiple years of data collected in similar climatic years, general habitat use is difficult to determine. The third summer of collection will allow for better comparisons to be made with more accurate conclusions about a species use of a habitat. Appendix 1: Species list with 2008 additions in bold. Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site 2008. Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) Family Scientific Name Common Name Acrididae Acrolophitus hirtipes Green Fool Grasshopper Acrididae Aeoloplides turnbulli Russian Thistle Grasshopper Acrididae Ageneotettix deorum White-whiskered Grasshopper Acrididae Amphitornus coloradus Striped Slant-faced Grasshopper Acrididae Arphia pseudonietana Northwestern Red-Winged Grasshopper Acrididae Arphia conspersa Speckle-winged Rangeland Grasshopper Acrididae Arphia simplex Plains Yellow-winged Grasshopper Acrididae Aulocara elliotti Big Headed Grasshopper Acrididae Aulocara femoratum White Cross Grasshopper Acrididae Boopedon gracile Graceful Range Grasshopper Acrididae Boopedon nubilum Ebony Grasshopper