MMoorrpphhoollooggyy 11 LLiinngg440000 MorphologyMorphology andand wordword structurestructure •• WordsWords andand LexicalLexical CategoriesCategories – Verb, noun, adjective, etc. •• MorphologyMorphology isis thethe studystudy ofof thethe internalinternal structurestructure ofof wordswords – Free & bound morphemes – Affixes – Derivational and inflectional morphology WordsWords andand MorphemesMorphemes • Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit of a language; it may be free (i.e. can stand by itself or bound (i.e. must be attached to another morpheme) e.g. books = book (free) + s (bound) • Word: a minimum free form – A word contains at least one morpheme and can contain two or more morphemes – e.g. walked = walk + ed FreeFree andand boundbound • boy • + ish • correct • + ness • standard • sub + • free • + ly • small • + er • walk • + ed HowHow manymany morphemes?morphemes? •• grammargrammar •• mmeeaanniinnggfufull – mean + ing + ful •• antidisestablishmentarianismantidisestablishmentarianism – anti+dis+establish+ment+arian+ism AAffffiixxeess • Prefixes • Infixes (Bontoc) – un + – [fikas] ‘strong’ – sub + – [fumikas] ‘strengthen’ – anti + etc. – [kumilad] ‘redden’ • Suffixes – What is the morpheme for ‘red’? – + ic morpheme for ‘red’? – + ish – + ed etc. WWordsords andand LexicalLexical CategoriesCategories •• LexicalLexical categoriescategories == partsparts ofof speechspeech •• Noun:Noun: testtest ““TheThe ______ isis good.good.”” •• Verb:Verb: testtest ““TheyThey ______ (us/him/her/it).(us/him/her/it).”” •• Adjective:Adjective: testtest ““JohnJohn isis ___.___.”” AAddjjeeccttiivveess • Monomorphemic: tall, small, dumb, thin, short, fat, big, fresh, dry, flat, soggy, pretty, scary, ugly • foggy, stinky, sunny, brainy, rainy, muddy, hairy, rocky, sandy, cloudy, bumpy, flowery Morphological rule: N + [i] = A • But this does not always work: *roofy, *booky, *chairy AAlllloommoorrpphhss •• TheThe pastpast tensetense morphememorpheme -ed-ed isis pronouncedpronounced inin severalseveral differentdifferent ways:ways: – kicked !"# – loved !$# – invited !%$# •• TheyThey areare allomorphsallomorphs ofof thethe samesame ““ppaasstt tteennssee”” morphememorpheme CranberryCranberry MorphemesMorphemes (or(or BoundBound Roots)Roots) •• Part(s)Part(s) ofof aa wordword thatthat looklook likelike morphemesmorphemes butbut dodo notnot havehave aa clearclear mmeeaanniinngg – cran- (cranberry), huckle- (huckleberry), boysen- (boysenberry) – luke- (luke-warm) – -ceive (receive, conceive, deceive, perceive) DerivationalDerivational andand InflectionalInflectional MMoorrpphhoollooggyy • Typical inflectional morpheme -ed (past tense) – does not change the part of speech – very productive • Typical derivational morpheme -ish – change the part of speech (Noun ! Adj.) – not very productive – bookish, selfish,*deskish, *lampish – (Not all derivational morphemes change part of speech: e.g. re- as in re-start) InflectionalInflectional morphologymorphology • Grammatical; no category change • English: only eight bound inflectional affixes: – -s 3 pers. sing. present V; plural or poss. N waits, cakes, Don’s – -ed past (participle) V waited ; -en participle V eaten – -ing progressive, present participle V waiting – -er, -est comparative., superlative. taller, tallest DDeerriivvaattiioonnaall MMoorrpphhoollooggyy •• ItIt oftenoften changeschanges partpart ofof speechspeech (but(but notnot necessary:necessary: ssttaarrtt aanndd restartrestart (both(both verbs)verbs) •• --mmeenntt aass iinn establishmentestablishment,, achievementachievement,, aassssiiggnnmmeenntt •• VV ++ mentment == NN (or(or NN !! VV --mmeenntt)) •• --llyy aass iinn quickly,quickly, clearly,clearly, gladlygladly •• AAddjj.. ++ llyy == AdvAdv (or(or AdvAdv !! AAddjj --llyy)) ContentContent vvss.. FFuunnccttiioonn MoprhemesMoprhemes •• ContentContent MorphemesMorphemes nouns,nouns, verbs,verbs, adjectives,adjectives, adverbsadverbs bboouunndd rroooottss ((ee..gg.. lluukkee iinn lluukkeewwaarrmm)),, derivationalderivational affixesaffixes •• FunctionFunction MorphemesMorphemes determiners,determiners, prepositions,prepositions, pronouns,pronouns, conjunctions,conjunctions, inflectionalinflectional affixesaffixes MMoorrpphheemmee hhiieerraarrcchhyy V Pre-V V de N Suff stigma -tize AffixationAffixation RulesRules inin EnglishEnglish AAddjj !! VV -able-able e.g.e.g. readablereadable VV !! un-un- VV e.g.e.g. undoundo AAddjj.. !! uunn-- AAddjj ee..gg.. uunnhhaappppyy VV !! re-re- VV e.g.e.g. reenterreenter NN !! VV -(t)ion-(t)ion !!&&''(#)(#)ee.g.g.. ddiistristribbuutitioonn WhichWhich structurestructure isis correct?correct? N N V N pref V suf pref V suf re- construct -ion re- construct -ion WhichWhich structurestructure isis correct?correct? Adj Adj V Adj pref V suf pref V suf un- do -able un- do -able WhichWhich structurestructure isis correct?correct? correct Adj Adj correct V Adj pref V suf pref V suf un- do -able un- do -able ‘able to be undone’ ‘not able to be done’ CCoommppoouunnddiinngg • Creation of new words by combining two words (powerbook, tailgate) • Phonological: stress on first syllable – White House / white house • Morphological: no inner inflectional affixes – *shoeshorn, *shorter bread, *slate grayer • Syntactic: no modification inside compound – *a very shortcut, *web rapidly surfing ReduplicationReduplication •• TheThe formationformation ofof newnew wordswords throughthrough thethe repetitionrepetition ofof partpart oror allall ofof aa wordword JaJappaanneesese:: [[yyaammaa]] ‘‘mmoouunnttaaiinn’’ [[yayammaayayammaa]] ‘‘mmoouunnttaaiinnss’’ oorr ‘‘mmoouunnttaaiinn rraannggee’’ [[kkaammii]] ‘‘godgod’’ [[kamigamikamigami]] ‘‘ggooddss’’ NoteNote thatthat itit isis notnot [[kkaammiikkaammii]] Sequential Voicing SSaammooaann ddaattaa [mate] ‘he dies’ [mamate] ‘they die’ [nofo] ‘he stays’ [nonofo] ‘they stay’ [galue] ‘he works’ [galulue] ‘they work’ [tanu] ‘he buries’ [tatanu] ‘they bury’ [alofa] ‘he loves’ [alolofa] ‘they lie’ [taoto] ‘he lies’ [taooto] ‘they lie’ [*"*+*,-] [atamama,i] ‘he is intelligent’ ‘they are intelligent’ SSaammooaann ddaattaa aannaallyyssiiss (i(i)) WhatWhat morphologicalmorphological processprocess isis illustratedillustrated byby thethe data?data? ((iiii)) DescribeDescribe howhow thisthis processprocess works.works. ((iiiiii)) IfIf ‘‘hehe isis strongstrong’’ inin SamoanSamoan isis [[mmaalloosisi]],, howhow wouldwould youyou saysay ‘‘theythey areare strongstrong’’ iinn SSaammooaann?? AnswersAnswers (Samoan)(Samoan) (i(i)) ReduplicationReduplication ((iiii)) ReduplicateReduplicate thethe secondsecond toto thethe lastlast sylsylllaabbllee.. ((iiiiii)) ‘‘TheyThey areare strongstrong’’ inin SamoanSamoan isis [[mmaalloosisi],], [[mmaalloolloossii]],,.