Section 6 Materials of Engineering BY EUGENE A. AVALLONE Consulting Engineer; Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Emeritus, The City College of The City University of New York HAROLD W. PAXTON United States Steel Professor Emeritus, Carnegie Mellon University JAMES D. REDMOND Principal, Technical Marketing Resources, Inc. MALCOLM BLAIR Technical and Research Director, Steel Founders Society of America ROBERT E. EPPICH Vice President, Technology, American Foundry Society L. D. KUNSMAN Late Fellow Engineer, Research Labs, Westinghouse Electric Corp. C. L. CARLSON Late Fellow Engineer, Research Labs, Westinghouse Electric Corp. J. RANDOLPH KISSEL President, The TGB Partnership LARRY F. WIESERMAN Senior Technical Supervisor, ALCOA RICHARD L. BRAZILL Technology Specialist, ALCOA FRANK E. GOODWIN Executive Vice President, ILZRO, Inc. DON GRAHAM Manager, Turning Products, Carboloy, Inc. ARTHUR COHEN Formerly Manager, Standards and Safety Engineering, Copper Development Assn. JOHN H. TUNDERMANN Formerly Vice President, Research and Technology, INCO International, Inc. JAMES D. SHEAROUSE, III Late Senior Development Engineer, The Dow Chemical Co. PETER K. JOHNSON Director, Marketing and Public Relations, Metal Powder Industries Federation JOHN R. SCHLEY Manager, Technical Marketing, RMI Titanium Co. ROBERT D. BARTHOLOMEW Associate, Sheppard T. Powell Associates, LLC DAVID A. SHIFLER MERA Metallurgical Services DAVID W. GREEN Supervisory Research General Engineer, Forest Products Lab, USDA ROLAND HERNANDEZ Research Engineer, Forest Products Lab, USDA JOSEPH F. MURPHY Research General Engineer, Forest Products Lab, USDA ROBERT J. ROSS Supervisory Research General Engineer, Forest Products Lab, USDA WILLIAM T. SIMPSON Research Forest Products Technologist, Forest Products Lab, USDA ANTON TENWOLDE Supervisory Research Physicist, Forest Products Lab, USDA ROBERT H. WHITE Supervisory Wood Scientist, Forest Products Lab, USDA STAN LEBOW Research Forest Products Technologist, Forest Products Lab, USDA ALI M. SADEGH Professor of Mechanical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York WILLIAM L. GAMBLE Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ARNOLD S. VERNICK Formerly Associate, Geraghty & Miller, Inc. GLENN E. ASAUSKAS Lubrication Engineer, Chevron Corp. STEPHEN R. SWANSON Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah 6.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Revised by E. A. Avallone Chemistry . 6-3 Principles of Heat Treatment of Iron and Steel. 6-19 Specific Gravities and Densities and Other Physical Data . 6-7 Composite Materials . 6-20 Thermomechanical Treatment . 6-21 6.2 IRON AND STEEL Commercial Steels. 6-21 by Harold W. Paxton Tool Steels. 6-28 Classification of Iron and Steel . 6-12 Spring Steel. 6-29 Steel . 6-13 Special Alloy Steels. 6-29 Effect of Alloying Elements on the Properties of Steel. 6-18 Stainless Steels ( BY JAMES D. R EDMOND ) . 6-29 6-1 6-2 MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING 6.3 IRON AND STEEL CASTINGS Brick, Block, and Tile . 6-134 by Malcolm Blair and Robert E. Eppich Ceramics . 6-139 Classification of Castings . 6-34 Cleansing Materials . 6-140 Cast Iron . 6-35 Cordage. 6-141 Steel Castings . 6-40 Electrical Insulating Materials . 6-141 Fibers and Fabrics . 6-143 6.4 NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS; Freezing Preventives . 6-144 METALLIC SPECIALITIES Glass . 6-145 Introduction ( BY L. D. K UNSMAN AND C. L. C ARLSON , Amended Natural Stones . 6-146 by Staff) . 6-46 Paper . 6-147 Aluminum and Its Alloys ( BY J. R ANDOLPH KISSELL , L ARRY F. W IESERMAN , Roofing Materials . 6-148 AND RICHARD L. B RAZILL ) . 6-49 Rubber and Rubberlike Materials (Elastomers) . 6-150 Bearing Metals ( BY FRANK E. G OODWIN ) . 6-58 Solvents. 6-151 Cemented Carbides ( BY DON GRAHAM ) . 6-58 Thermal Insulation. 6-153 Copper and Copper Alloys ( BY ARTHUR COHEN ) . 6-62 Silicones . 6-154 Jewelry Metals (Staff Contribution) . 6-71 Refractories . 6-154 Low-Melting-Point Metals and Alloys ( BY FRANK E. G OODWIN ) . 6-72 Sealants . 6-158 Metals and Alloys for Use at Elevated Temperatures (BY JOHN H. T UNDERMANN ) . 6-73 6.9 CEMENT, MORTAR, AND CONCRETE Metals and Alloys for Nuclear Energy Applications ( BY L. D. K UNSMAN by William L. Gamble AND C. L. C ARLSON ; Amended by staff) . 6-79 Cement . 6-162 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys ( BY JAMES D. S HEAROUSE , III) . 6-82 Lime . 6-163 Powdered Metals ( BY PETER K. J OHNSON ) . 6-83 Aggregates . 6-163 Nickel and Nickel Alloys ( BY JOHN H. T UNDERMANN ) . 6-86 Water. 6-164 Titanium and Zirconium ( BY JOHN R. S CHLEY ). 6-88 Admixtures . 6-164 Zinc and Zinc Alloys ( BY FRANK E. G OODWIN ) . 6-90 Mortars . 6-165 Concrete . 6-166 6.5 CORROSION by Robert D. Bartholomew and David A. Shifler 6.10 WATER Introduction. 6-92 by Arnold S. Vernick and Amended by Staff Thermodynamics of Corrosion . 6-93 Water Resources . 6-171 Corrosion Kinetics. 6-94 Measurements and Definitions. 6-172 Factors Influencing Corrosion . 6-95 Industrial Water . 6-174 Forms of Corrosion . 6-97 Water Pollution Control. 6-175 Corrosion Testing . 6-102 Water Desalination . 6-176 Corrosion Protection Methods . 6-103 Corrosion in Industrial and Power Plant Steam-Generating Systems . 6-105 6.11 LUBRICANTS AND LUBRICATION Corrosion in Heating and Cooling Water Systems and Cooling Towers . 6-109 by Glenn E. Asauskas Corrosion in the Chemical Process Industry. 6-110 Lubricants . 6-180 Liquid Lubricants . 6-180 6.6 PAINTS AND PROTECTIVE COATINGS Lubrication Regimes . 6-181 Revised by Staff Lubricant Testing. 6-181 Paint Ingredients . ..