THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES C/1 o u O o Q < U THE WORLD'S GREAT EVENTS IN FIVE VOLUMES A HISTORY OF THE WORLD FROM ANCIENT TO MODERN TIMES B.C. 4004 TO A.D. 19C3 By ESTHER SINGLETON ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS FULL-PAGE DRAWINGS EXECUTED IN DUOGRAPH VOLUME THREE —RENAISSANCE A.D. 1485 TO A.D. 1692 NEW YORK P. F. COLLIER & SON MC M I V Copyright 1903 By p. F. collier & SON v:3 CONTENTS VOLUME TH REE A.D. 1485—1692 End of Wars of the Roses (a.d. 1485). David Hume . 995 The Conquest of Granada (a.d. 1491). William H. Prescott . looi The Jews Expelled from Spain (a.d. 1492). Henry Hart Milman 1012 The Discovery of America (a.d. 1492). Washington Irving . 1020 Charles VHI. Invades Italy (a.d. 1494). J. C. L. de Sismondi . 1031 Voyages of Vasco da Gama (a.d. 1497-1499). Richard Henry Major 1043 The Execution of Savonarola (a.d. 1498). John Addington Sy- monds 1054 The Moriscos (a.d. 1499-1502). U. R. Burke 1065 League of Cambray (a.d. 1508). J. C. L. de Sismondi .... 1077 Conquests of Mexico and Peru (a.d. 1510-1535). Charlotte M. Yonge 1090 Battle of Flodden Field (a.d. 1513). Andrew Lang .... 1096 The Reformation (a.d. 1517-1540). William Francis Collier . 1105 First Voyage Around the World (a.d. 1519-1522). Richard Henry Major 11 18 Field of the Cloth of Gold (a.d. 1520). Charles Knight . 1128 Charles V. Conquers Italy (a.d. 1521-1529). J. C. L. de Sis- mondi 113s Liberation of Genoa: Andrea Doria (a.d. 1528). G. B. Malleson 1159 Suppression of the Greater Mon.-vsteries (a.d. 1534). David Hume 1169 The Counter-Reformation (a.d. 1540). Richard Lodge . 1179 The Reign of Akbar (a.d. 1556-1605). Edward Augustus Free- man 1 191 Battle of St. Quentin and the Loss of Calais (a.d. 1558). Charles Knight I19 4 CONTENTS The Reformation in Scotland (a.d. 1560-1590). James Anthony Froude 1204 Malta and Lepanto (a.d. 1565-1573). Charlotte M. Yonge . 1220 Rise of the Dutch Republic (a.d. 1568-1648). Richard Lodge 1236 Defeat of the Spanish Armada (a.d. 1572-1588). John Richard Green 1246 The Massacre of St. Bartholomew (a.d. 1572). Richard Lodge 1262 The League (a.d. 1576-1598). W. C. Taylor 1267 The Conquest of Ireland and Colonization of Ulster (a.d. 1588-1610). John Richard Green 1283 The Colonization of Virginia (a.d. 1602-1611). Samuel Rawson Gardiner 1292 The Gunpowder Plot (a.d. 1605). Charles Knight 1306 The Discovery and Settlement of IManhattan Island (a.d. 1609-1628). David T. Valentine 1325 Hudson's Last Voyage (a.d. 1610). Hessel Gerritz .... 1336 Sir Walter Raleigh's Expedition (a.d. 1618). David Hume . 1341 The Thirty Years' War (a.d. 1618-1648). William Francis Col- lier 1349 The Voyage of the "Mayflower" (a.d. 1620). William Bradford 1363 The War between Charles I. and the Parliament (a.d. 1642- 1646). Thomas Babington ]Macaulay 1375 La Fronde (a.d. 1648-1653). Charlotte M. Yonge 1386 The Exclusion Bill and Habeas Corpus Act (a.d. 1679). David Hume 1399 The Siege OF Vienna (a.d. 1683). Charlotte M. Yonge . 1404 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (a.d. 1685). Frangois Marie Arouet de Voltaire 1413 The Trial of the Seven Bishops (a.d. 1688). Thomas Babing- ton Macaulay 1421 The Glorious Revolution (a.d. 1688). John Richard Green . 1439 Battle of the Boyne (a.d. 1690). Thomas Babington Macaulay 1450 The Massacre of Glencoe (a.d. 1692). Thomas Babington Macaulay 1464 The Battle of La Hogue (a.d. 1692). Thomas Babington Macaulay I477 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS VOLUAE THREE BoABDiL Surrendering the Keys of Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella (The Conquest of Granada—a. a 1491). From Painting by Pradilla. The Landing of Columbus (a.d. 1492). From Painting by Van- derlyn. The Agb of Reformation (a.d. 1517-1540). From Painting by Kaulbach. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew (a.d. 1572). After Painting by Debat-Ponsan. Scene at Prague during Thirty Years' War (a.d. i6t8). From Painting by Brozik. Signing of the Compact in the Cabin of the "Mayflower" (a.d. 1620). From Paintint^ by White. Cardinal Richelieu Conducting Cinq-Mars and De Thoi" to Lyons to be Beheaded (a.d. 1642). Battle of the Boyne (a.d. 1690). From Painting by West. END OF WARS OF THE ROSES (A.D. 1485) DAVID HUME THE crimes of Richard were so horrid and so shocking to humanity that the natural sentiments of men, without any political or public views, were sufficient to render his government unstable; and every person of probity and honor was earnest to prevent the sceptre from being any longer pol- luted by that bloody and faithless hand which held it. All the exiles flocked to the Earl of Richmond in Brittany, and exhorted him to hasten his attempt for a new invasion, and to prevent the marriage of the Princess Eliza- beth, which must prove fatal to all his hopes. The Earl, sensible of the urgent necessity, but dreading the treachery of Peter Landais, who had entered into a negotiation with Richard for betraying him, was obliged to attend only to his present safety; and he made his escape to the Court of France. The ministers of Charles VIII., who had now succeeded to thej'ecd^r'' throne after the death of his father Louis, encourage- ' ment. gave him countenance and protection; and Vol. a (995) 1 996 THE WORLD'S GREAT EVENTS a.d. 1485 being desirous of raising disturbances to Rich- Richard° ard, they secretly encouraged the Earl in the levies which he made for the support of his enterprise upon England. The Earl of Ox- ford, whom Richard's suspicions had thrown into confinement, having made his escape, here joined Henry; and inflamed his ardor for the attempt, by the favorable accounts which he brought of the dispositions of the English na- tion, and their universal hatred of Richard's crimes and usurpation. The Earl of Richmond set sail from Har- invasion*! ^flcur in Normandy with a small army of about 2,000 men; and after a navigation of six days, he arrived at Milford-Haven in Wales, where he landed without opposition. He directed his course to that part of the kingdom, in hopes that the Welsh, who regarded him as their countryman, and who had been already pre- possessed in favor of his cause by means of the Duke of Buckingham, would join his standard, and enable him to make head against the established government. Richard, who knew not in what quarter he might ex- pect the invader, had taken post at Notting- ham, in the centre of the kingdom; and hav- ing 'given commissions to different persons in the several counties, whom he empowered to oppose his enemy, he purposed in person 'to fly on the first alarm to the place exposed to danger. Sir Rice ap-Thomas and Sir Walter Herbert were intrusted with his authority in A.D. 148s END OF WARS OF THE ROSES 997 Wales; but the former immediately deserted to Henry; the second made but feeble opposi-ia^kyo" ' ' ^ '^ Richard. ^ tion to him: and the Earl, advancing toward Shrewsbury, received every day some rein- forcement from his partisans. Sir Gilbert Talbot joined him, with all the vassals and retainers of the family of Shrewsbury: Sir Thomas Bourchier and Sir Walter Hunger- ford brought their friends to share his for- tunes; and the appearance of men of distinc- tion in his camp made already his cause wear a favorable aspect. But the danger to which Richard was chiefly exposed proceeded not so much from the zeal Ip^^^^:^. p°""^' of his open enemies, as from the infidelity of his pretended friends. Scarce any nobleman of distinction was sincerely attached to his cause, except the Duke of Norfolk; and all those who feigned the most loyalty were only watching for an opportunity to betray and desert him. But the persons of whom he en- tertained the greatest suspicion were Lord Stanley and his brother Sir William; whose connections with the family of Richmond, not- withstanding their professions of attachment to his person, were never entirely forgotten or overlooked by him. When he empowered Lord Stanley to levy forces, he still retained his eldest son Lord Strange as a pledge for his fidelity; and that nobleman was, on this account, obliged to employ great caution and reserve in his proceedings. He raised a 998 THE WORLD'S GREAT EVENTS a.d. 1485 powerful body of his friends and retainers in Cheshire and Lancashire, but without openly declaring himself: and though Henry had re- ceived secret assurances of his friendly inten- tions, the armies on both sides knew not what to infer from his equivocal behavior. The two rivals at last approached each other at Bosworth near Leicester; Henry, at „ , , Battle of ? J > Au^^st^^rthe head of six thousand men, Richard with an army of above double the number; and a decisive action was every hour expected be- tween them. Stanley, who commanded above seven thousand men, took care to post himself at Atherstone, not far from the hostile camps; and he made such a disposition as enabled him on occasion to join either party. Richard had too much sagacity not to discover his inten- tions from those movements; but he kept the secret from his own men, for fear of discour- aging them: he took not immediate revenge on Stanley's son, as some of his courtiers ad- vised him; because he hoped that so valuable a pledge would induce the father to prolong still further his ambiguous conduct: and he hastened to decide by arms the quarrel with his competitor; being certain that a victory over the Earl of Richmond would enable him to take ample revenge on all his enemies, open and concealed.