Air Force Institute of Technology AFIT Scholar Theses and Dissertations Student Graduate Works 3-23-2017 Environmental Applications of Small Unmanned Aircraft ysS tems in Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Reconnaissance and Surveillance Brandon B. Barnes Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.afit.edu/etd Part of the Environmental Monitoring Commons Recommended Citation Barnes, Brandon B., "Environmental Applications of Small Unmanned Aircraft ysS tems in Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Reconnaissance and Surveillance" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 1661. https://scholar.afit.edu/etd/1661 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Graduate Works at AFIT Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AFIT Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF SMALL UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS IN MULTI-SERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES FOR CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE THESIS Brandon B. Barnes, Captain, USMC AFIT-ENV-MS-17-M-170 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio Distribution Statement A. Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. AFIT-ENV-MS-17-M-23 ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF SMALL UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS IN MULTI-SERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES FOR CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE THESIS Presented to the Faculty Department of Systems Engineering and Management Graduate School of Engineering and Management Air Force Institute of Technology Air University Air Education and Training Command In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Engineering and Science Brandon B. Barnes, BS Captain, USMC March 2017 Distribution Statement A. Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited AFIT-ENV-MS-17-M-23 ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF SMALL UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS IN MULTI-SERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES FOR CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, AND NUCLEAR RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE Brandon B. Barnes, BS Captain, USMC Committee Membership: Robert M. Eninger, Lt Col, USAF, PhD Chair Alan C. Samuels, PhD Member Clay M. Koschnick, Lt Col, USAF, PhD Member Michael Von Fahnestock, PhD Member AFIT-ENV-MS-17-M-23 Abstract Small unmanned aircraft systems can be used for a variety of environmental applications. SUAS under 50 kg have the most utility at the tactical level and benefit from the research and development of systems currently being manufactured. Integrating chemical sensors into these systems can enhance Multi-service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Reconnaissance and Surveillance. Considering the advantages and disadvantages in the fundamental science of twelve detection technologies, four types of sensors emerged as candidates for SUAS integration. Using specifications from commercial-off-the-shelf sensors, these four detection technologies (Electrochemical, Metal Oxide Semiconductor, Photoionization, and Catalytic Bead) were further evaluated on five parameters (response time, sensitivity, selectivity, power, and weight). Based on this research, MOS detectors are the top detection technology for SUAS employment and integration. In addition to classic chemical warfare agents, toxic industrial chemicals pose a risk to both civilian and military personnel. Eighty-five hazardous chemicals were identified by cross-referencing chemicals detectable using these four technologies with CWA and TIC of interest based on their toxicity and or security issue. Finally, a multi-objective decision model provides a basic decision aid for employing SUAS as a CBRN R&S asset in a tactical environment. iv Acknowledgments I am forever grateful for the guidance, support, and leadership throughout my research and completion of my graduate program from my thesis advisor, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Eninger. Without the support of Dr. Alan Samuels and his team at Edgewood Chemical Biologic Center, I would not have been able to attend Exercise Vibrant Response, the International Conference for Unmanned Aircraft Systems, or Sophos/Kydoimos Challenge III – all of which greatly enhanced my educational experience. Dr. Mike von Fahnestock with U.S. Pacific Command has been a true professional and supporter of my research, connecting my efforts to a larger mission. I would also like to thank Lieutenant Colonel Clay Koschnick for his patience and support while teaching me the fundamentals of decision analysis. Dr. David Jacques, Dr. John Columbi and Rick Patton deserve a special recognition for allowing me to take the Unmanned Airborne Systems sequence and giving me the hands on experience designing, developing and testing an Unmanned Aircraft System. I want to thank Colonel Scott Morris and Maj Joseph Gordon from the U.S. Army Reserve Consequence Management Unit for allowing me to augment their team during Exercise Vibrant Response. Dawn Blair, from the recording studio; Amanda Lindsay, from the AFIT Library; and Nancy Roszell were extremely helpful when it came to making video presentations, finding relevant literature, and developing my research questionnaire. Finally, I want acknowledge my wife, Shelley and my family for their enduring love and support. Brandon B. Barnes v Table of Contents Page Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments................................................................................................................v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... vi List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................x List of Equations ............................................................................................................... xii List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... xiii I. Introduction ......................................................................................................................1 General Issue ...................................................................................................................1 Background .....................................................................................................................2 Research Objective..........................................................................................................5 Research Aims ................................................................................................................5 Scope and Approach .......................................................................................................5 Significance .....................................................................................................................6 Methodology ...................................................................................................................6 Preview ............................................................................................................................7 II. Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures .............................................................................8 CBRN Doctrine ...............................................................................................................9 Discussion .....................................................................................................................11 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................18 III. Scholarly Article .........................................................................................................19 Abstract .........................................................................................................................19 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................19 2. Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems ...........................................................................22 3. Chemicals of Interest.................................................................................................23 4. Chemical Sensor Technologies: ...............................................................................30 4.1 Parameters of interest: ..................................................................................... 31 4.2 Detection Technologies: ................................................................................... 35 5. Discussion ................................................................................................................50