Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11389-2 - The Insects: Structure and Function: Fifth Edition R. F. Chapman Edited by Stephen J. Simpson and Angela E. Douglas Index More information INDEX Index entries in bold refer to figure captions. abdomen, 3, 269 acetylcholine, 213, 634, 636 Aedes, 27, 54, 84, 88, 120, 186, 260, genital segments, 270–271 Acherontia, 844 294, 308, 309, 321, 327, 330, 353, musculature, 272–273 Acherontia atropos, 845 556, 657 number of segments, 270 Acheta, 290, 302, 328, 361, 549, 567, 764 Aedes aegypti, 41, 70, 83, 125, 295, structure of segments, 270–272 Acheta domestica, 85, 745 303–304, 308, 324, 349, 399, 401, abdominal appendages, 273–280 Acheta domesticus, 87, 562, 827, 830 415, 555, 556, 557, 558, 687, cerci, 276–277 Acilius, 183, 184 687, 698, 754, 772 evolution of, 273 acinous glands, 39, 40 Aedes campestris, 557, 559 gills, 277–278 acoustic signals, 825–826 Aedes communis, 185 larval locomotion and attachment organized patterns, 845–847 Aedes detritus, 558 structures, 141–142 unorganized signals, 847 Aedes punctor, 315 modified prolegs, 280 See also mechanical Aedes taeniorhynchus, 435, 558 primitive hexapods, 274–275 communication. aerodynamic mechanisms, 221–223 scoli, 280 Acrida, 342 clap and fling, 223 secondary sexual structures, 278–279 Acrididae, 16, 48, 54, 201, 202, 270, 283, flapping, 221 secretory structures, 278 289, 290, 295, 296, 298, 337–338, gliding, 221 sensory structures, 276–277 351, 379, 399, 401, 446, 755, 758 leading-edge vortices, 221–222 spines, 279 Acridinae, 837 rotational lift, 222–223 Abricta, 847 Acridoidea, 196, 276, 341, 410, 414, separated flow, 221 absorption, 72–77 833, 837–838 unsteady flow, 221 inorganic ions, 74 Acroceridae, 409 wing–wake interactions, 223 transport of amino acids and Acromyrmex, 41 Aeropedellus, 574 protein, 72–73 Acromyrmex octospinosus, 103 Aeschna, 294, 295, 534 transport of lipids and related Acronycta, 450, 450, 451 Afrocimex, 304 compounds, 73–74 Acronycta rumicis, 449 Agabus, 316, 399, 402 transport of sugars, 73 Acroschismus, 384 Agabus bipustulatus, 399 water, 74–77 acrotergite, 150 Agathiphagidae, xxx Acanthoscelides, 307, 353 actin, 234–236, 242–244, 248–249 aggregation pheromones, 863–865 accessory glands action potentials, 631–633 Aglais, 564 female, 317, 339–343 Aculeata, 335, 408 Aglossata, xxx male, 285–286 aculeate apocritans, xxxi agricultural pest species, 618 acclimation, 609–611 Acyrthosiphon, 260 Agrion, 534 beneficial acclimation hypothesis, Acyrthosiphon pisum, 73, 82, 85 Agriotes, 584 611 adaptation to light levels, 723–727 Agromyza frontella, 865 rapid cold hardening, 610–611 adecticous pupae, 419, 432, 433 air expulsion rapid thermal responses, 610–611 adenotrophic viviparity, 381–383 acoustic signals produced by, 845 Acentropus, 421 Adephaga, xxvii, 159, 283, 733 air movement detectors, 745 Acentropus nivea, 434 adipokinetic hormones, 137, 140, 225, airflow sensors Acerentomon, 274 681, 682, 686 use in flight control, 227–228 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11389-2 - The Insects: Structure and Function: Fifth Edition R. F. Chapman Edited by Stephen J. Simpson and Angela E. Douglas Index More information 902 Index alarm pheromones, 869 Ametabola, 372, 403, 406 anthraquinones, 805–806 aphids, 278 Ametrus tibialis, 758 anti-aggregation pheromones, 864 alarm signals (acoustic), 831 amino acids, 634 anti-aphrodisiac pheromones, 863 alary muscles, 111 absorption, 72–73 antibiotics, 895 Aleyrodidae, 217, 356, 405 essential, 82, 83 antifeedants, 88 alimentary canal, 46 non-essential, 82–83 antifreeze proteins, 606 crop, 48 nutritional requirements, 82–83 anti-microbial peptides, 77–78, effects of metamorphosis, 430 storage and synthesis in the fat 123–124 esophagus, 47–48 body, 138–139 Anurogryllus, 826 foregut, 47–48 synthesis, 82–83 Apanteles, 333, 540, 541 formation in the embryo, 376 Amitermes meridionalis, xx Aphelinidae, 334, 385 general organization, 47 ammonia excretion, 562 Aphelocheirus, 182, 531, 535, 536, hindgut, 55–56 Ammophila, 295 746 ileum (intestinum), 55 Amopheles gambiae, 777 aphid morphs, 444–445 immunological function, 77–78 amplexiform wing coupling, 202 Aphididae, 164, 444–445 innervation of the gut, 58 ampullaceal sensilla, 772 Aphidius, 598 midgut (ventriculus), 48–52 Anabrus simplex, 34 Aphidius ervi, 73, 862 muscles of the gut, 56–58 Anacridium, 88, 296, 338 Aphidius nigripes, 862 passage of food through the gut, 59 anautogenous mosquitoes, 90 aphids, 22, 25–26, 26, 27, 33, 34, 42, peritrophic envelope, 52–55 Anax, 448, 596, 717 64, 73, 85, 100, 260, 278, 315, pharynx, 47 Anax imperator, 435 377, 380, 381, 392, 393, 443, 547, proventriculus, 48 Ancistrura nigrovittata, 828, 836 583, 603–605, 788, 789, 805, pylorus, 55 Angiospermae (flowering plants), 839, 860, 869, 892, 896 rectum, 55–56 xxvii aphins, 805–806 stomodeum, 47–48 Anisops, 136, 185, 516, 530, 805 Aphis fabae, 444–445, 688, 788 See also absorption; digestion. Anisoptera, xviii, 31, 33, 56, 182, 204, Apidae, 443–444 allantoic acid, 563–564 279, 294, 296, 532, 536, 551, 556, Apiomerus flaviventris, 890 allantoin, 562, 563–564 709, 718 Apis, 85, 161, 188, 201, 224, 259, 272, allatostatins, 681–682, 683, 695 Anisozygoptera, xviii 284, 292, 335, 336, 337, 358, allatotropins, 682 Annulipalpia, xxx 361, 363, 363, 478, 548, 590, allelochemicals, 885–887 Anopheles, 24, 110, 116, 123, 241, 591, 598, 640, 648, 650, 651, allomone production, storage and 308, 478, 561 694, 713, 715, 729, 748, 751, 786, release, 887–890 Anopheles gambiae, 63, 70, 72, 125, 843, 844, 847, 892 allomones, 885 354, 374, 787 Apis cerana, 597 chemical mimicry, 895–898 Anoplura, xxiv, 187, 399 Apis mellifera, 121, 123, 348, defensive allelochemicals, Antarctoperlaria, xix 443–444, 478, 597, 675, 830, 866, 890–895 antenna pulsatile organs, 111–113 871 definition, 858 antennae, 10–12 Apocrita, xxxi, 136, 150, 270 kairomones, 886 functions, 12 apodemes, 8, 242 synomones, 886–887 sensilla on the antennae, 12 apodous larvae, 408 Alloeorhynchus flavipes, 304 structure, 10–12 Apoidea, xxxi, 22, 57, 186, 188 allomones, 885 antennal lobes of the brain, apolysis, 491 production, storage and release, 657–659 Aporia, 198 887–890 Anthera polyphemus, 886 aposematic coloration, 813, 814, 815, Allonemobius, 354 Antheraea, 262, 321, 329, 329, 330, 891, 893 Alloxysta brevis, 892 775 appendages, 3 alternation of generations, 392 Antheraea pernyi, 433, 435, 451 apposition eyes, 709, 711 Alucita, 198 coccoon formation, 420 Apterygota, xvi, 3, 8, 16, 18, 37, 151, Amblycera, xxiv Anthocharis, 803 154, 206, 237, 269, 273, 276, 283, American foulbrood (honey bee Anthocoris, 304 285, 288, 297, 315, 403, 406, 474, disease), 54 Anthonomus, 85, 327 511, 685, 688, 709 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11389-2 - The Insects: Structure and Function: Fifth Edition R. F. Chapman Edited by Stephen J. Simpson and Angela E. Douglas Index More information Index 903 aquatic insects bacterial endosymbionts Blattodea, xix, xxvii, 10, 22, 37, 39, eclosion, 434–435 aphid oocytes, 381 48, 53, 55, 65, 69, 108, 109, 111, excretory system, 549–552 bacterial symbionts, xx, xxiv 135, 151, 155, 161, 164, 169, 199, gas exchange, 528–537 bacteriocytes, 100 201, 204, 206, 209, 218, 220, 237, gills, 277–278 Bacteroides (bacteria), 99 241, 253, 271, 276, 289, 296, 297, pupation, 421 Bactrocera, 359, 364, 374 298, 302, 306, 332, 341, 359, sites of ion exchange, 549–552 Bactrocera oleae, 875 384–385, 400, 413, 414, 416, 514, aquatic locomotion, 180–186 Bactrocera tryoni, 348, 399, 784 516, 519, 542, 549, 646, 650, 694, Arachnida, 547 Barathra, 741, 746 752, 773, 787, 802 Arachnocampa, 31, 817, 819, 820 basiconic sensilla, 739, 772 Bledius, 537, 558 Arachnocampa luminosa, 571 Basipta, 341, 342 Blephariceridae, 276, 421, 434, 537 Aradus, 741 Batesian mimicry, 816 blood. See hemolymph Archaeognatha, xvi, 8, 16, 111, 274, 293, Baumannia cicadellinicola blood-sucking insects 298, 335, 505, 516, 688, 709, 751 (bacterium), 102 feeding mechanics, 26–31 Archichauliodes, 711 behavior body temperature Archipsocus, 381 functions of the nervous system, convective heat loss, 594 Archostemata, xxvii 659–669 effects of coloration, 591–593 Arctiidae, 814, 839, 842, 859, 860, behavioral thermoregulation, 595–596 evaporative heat loss, 593–594 888, 890, 894 Belostomatidae, 895 heat gain mechanisms, 589–593 Arctiinae, 894 Bemisia tabaci, 85, 120 heat loss mechanisms, 593–595 Arctoperlaria, xix beneficial acclimation hypothesis, 611 insulation of the insect body, 595 Arenivaga, 578, 580, 584, 745 Bibionidae, 180, 713 warm-up behavior, 589–591 Argyrotaeni velutinina, 882 Bicyclus anynana, 447 See also thermoregulation. Arhoplala, 839 bilins, 805 bolas spiders, 896 Arixenia, 380 biogenic amines, 37, 634, 638, Bolitophilidae, 817 Arixeniina, xxi 675, 894 Bombus, 27, 253, 309, 322, 590, 590, arolium, 160–161 mode of action, 700–703 592, 599, 731 arrestin, 722 biogeographical patterns in insect Bombus lapidarius, 797 arrhenotoky, 390, 391 thermal biology, 616–617 Bombus terrestris, 727, 866 arthropod evolution, xiii biomass of the insects, xv Bombus terrestris dalmatinus, 797 arylphorin, 139 biting insects Bombycoidea, 202, 420, 711 Ascalaphidae, xxvii, 204 feeding mechanics, 24–25 Bombyliidae, 409 Asclepias (milkweed), 894 biting mouthparts, 16–19 Bombyx, 109, 116, 291, 301, 302, 306, Asilidae, 205, 337, 718 hypopharynx, 18 308, 338, 339, 349, 374, 377, Aspidiotus, 334 labium, 18 450, 478, 498, 612, 613, 683, asynchronous