AIR QUALITY TRENDS IN THE CITY OF COLOMBO R.N.R.Jayaratne Prof. O.A.Ileperuma Senior Environmental Officer Senior Lecturer Central Environmental Authority University of Peradeniya 1 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 Two continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations were set up in December 1996 at Colombo Municipal Council area under World Bank Funded project called CUTP. - to monitor major air pollutants (NO,NO2,NOX, SO2, O3,CO & PM10) - with meteorological parameters (WS,WD,VWS, SR,RF,ATE) One of these monitoring station is located at Colombo Fort Railway station premises and other one was located at Meteorological Department premises. Met Department one was operated from 1997 to 2000. Colombo Fort one has been in operation since 1997 2 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 Location of the Colombo Fort Monitoring Station N Barge Mountained Power Plant (Thermal) Kelanitissa Power Station (Thermal) Ambient Air Quality Monitoring station (Colombo Fort) 3 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 Locations of Two Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations Kelanithissa Power Plant Barge Mountained Power Plant Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station 1 (Colombo Fort Railway Stn) Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station 2 (Meteorological Dpt) 4 Colombo Fort Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station Inside of the monitoring station 5 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 Monitoring Principles Ozone UV Absorption Carbon Monoxide Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR) Nitrogen Oxides Chemiluminescence Sulfur Dioxide UV Fluorescence PM10 High Volume Sampling 6 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 • Five minute and one hour average concentrations of measured parameters were recorded in data logger. • Every day at midnight an automatic calibration cycle is carried out to check the accuracy and validity of data. • All valid data collected from these two monitoring stations from January 1997 to Dec 2006 were used for this analysis. 7 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 • To identify the trend and variations of major air pollutants for the city of Colombo during the monitoring period. (This report will also help to identify gaps in the available information and data requirements for long term monitoring.) 8 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 Methodology • Converted all recorded data in binary form in the data logger into digital form by using WINCOLLECT software . • Screened the data base to select good data (Validation) based on daily calibration and instrument errors. • All valid data are presented by diagrams, graphs and tables to identify features and variation patterns easily. • Interpretations are made in scientific manner with recommendations. 9 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 Trends on air pollutants in Colombo Trend graphs of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone for both monitoring stations are presented in graphical form and the statistical parameters represented as in the following format. Maximum concentration 75th percentile Arithmetic mean of data values 25th percentile Minimum concentration 10 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 Variation of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) One Hour Average Concentrations at Colombo Fort Ambient Air Quality monitoring station(1997-2001) National standard 0.13 ppm 0.12 Trend line (Average) 0.08 Concentration (ppm) Concentration 2 0.04 NO 0.00 Jul-97 Jul-98 Jul-99 Jul-00 Jul-01 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Month 11 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 Variation of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) One Hour Averages concentrations at Colombo Fort Ambient Air Quality monitoring station 0.32 (ppm) 0.16 National standard 0.08 ppm 2 SO SO2 Concentration (PPM) Concentration SO2 0.00 Jul-97 Jul-98 Jul-99 Jul-00 Jul-01 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Month 12 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 Variation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) One Hour Average Concentrations at Colombo Fort Ambient Air Quality monitoring station (1997-2001) 3.8 2.5 1.3 CO Concentration (ppm) Concentration CO 0.0 Jul-97 Jul-98 Jul-99 Jul-00 Jul-01 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Month 13 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 Variation of ozone (O3) One Hour Average Concentrations at Colombo Fort Ambient Air Quality monitoring station(1997-2001) 0.4 0.2 Concentration (ppm) Concentration 3 National standard 0.1 ppm O3 Concentrationse (ppm) Concentrationse O3 O 0.0 Jul-97 Jul-98 Jul-99 Jul-00 Jul-01 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Month 14 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 Variation of monthly one hour averages of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO Dioxideof Nitrogen averages hour one of monthly Variation Colombo Meteorological Department Meteorological Colombo (From Jan 1997 to December 2000) December to 1997 Jan (From National Standard 0.13 ppm Air Quality station monitoring Air Quality National Stakeholders Forum StakeholdersNational 0.12 0.08 2 )concentrations at at )concentrations Concentration (ppm) – 0.04 Sri LankaSri – 12 0.00 th June2007 Jul-97 Jul-98 Jul-99 Jul-00 Jan-97 Sep-97 Jan-98 Sep-98 Jan-99 Sep-99 Jan-00 Sep-00 15 Nov-97 Nov-98 Nov-99 Nov-00 Mar-97 Mar-98 Mar-99 Mar-00 May-97 May-98 May-99 May-00 Month Variation of monthly one hour averages of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) concentrations at Colombo Meteorological Department Air Quality monitoring station (From Jan 1997 to December 2000) 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 Concentration (ppm) Concentration 0.02 0.00 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Sep-97 Sep-98 Sep-99 Sep-00 May-97 May-98 May-99 May-00 Month 16 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 Variation of monthly one hour averages of Carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations at Colombo Meteorological Department Air Quality monitoring station (From Jan 1997 to December 2000) 5 4 3 2 Concentration (ppm) Concentration 1 0 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Sep-97 Sep-98 Sep-99 Sep-00 May-97 May-98 May-99 May-00 Month 17 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 Variation of monthly one hour averages of ozone (O3) concentrations at Colombo Meteorological Department Air Quality monitoring station (From Jan 1997 to December 2000) 18 National Stakeholders Forum – Sri Lanka – 12th June 2007 Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration Monthly Mean and Maximum of one hour averages at Colombo Fort ( June 2003 - December 2006) 0.14 National Ambient Air Quality Strandard for NO 2 for one hour average = 0.013 ppm 0.12 NO2 Mean NO2 Maximum National Stakeholders Forum StakeholdersNational 0.10 Linear (NO2 Mean) 0.08 0.06 0.04 Concentrations (ppm) Concentrations 0.02 y = 0.0001x + 0.0143 – 0.00 Sri LankaSri Jul Jul Jul Oct Oct Oct Apr Apr Apr Jun Jan Jun Jan Jun Jan Jun Nov Dec Feb Mar Nov Dec Feb Mar Nov Dec Feb Mar Aug Sep Aug Sep Aug Sep May May May July August October November December September – 12 2003 2004 2005 2006 th June2007 Month and Year 19 Sulphur Dioxide Concentration Monthly Mean and Maximum of 1 hour averages at Colombo Fort ( June 2003 - December 2006 ) 0.16 SO2 Mean 0.14 SO2 Maximum Linear (SO2 Mean) 0.12 0.10 0.08 National Ambient Air Quality Strandard for SO2 for one hour average =0 .08 ppm 0.06 Concentration (ppm) Concentration 0.04 0.02 y = 2E-05x + 0.0068 0.00 Jul Jul Jul Oct Oct Oct Apr Apr Apr Jun Jan Jun Jan Jun Jan Jun Nov Dec Feb Mar Nov Dec Feb Mar Nov Dec Feb Mar Aug Sep Aug Sep Aug Sep May May May July August October November December September 2003 2004 2005 2006 Month and Year 20 Carbon Monoxide Concentration Monthly Mean and Maximum of 1 hour averages at Colombo Fort ( June 2003 - December 2006 ) 9 CO Average 8 CO Maximum 7 Linear (CO Average) 6 5 4 3 Concentration (ppm) Concentration 2 y = -0.0217x + 1.0988 1 0 Jul Jul Jul Oct Oct Oct Apr Apr Apr Jun Jan Jun Jan Jun Jan Jun Nov Dec Feb Mar Nov Dec Feb Mar Nov Dec Feb Mar Aug Sep Aug Sep Aug Sep May May May July August October November December September 2003 2004 2005 2006 Month and Year National Ambient Air Quality Strandard for 24 hour average = 26 ppm 21 Variation of 24 hour averages of PM10 concentrations at Colombo Fort Air Quality monitoring station (From Jan 1997 to December 2001) 22 Colombo Meteorological Department Meteorological Colombo Variation of 24 hour averages of of PM averages hour of 24 Variation (From Jan 1997 to December 2000) December to 1997 Jan (From 160 USEPA Standard Value 150µgm-3 140 120 Air Quality station monitoringAir Quality ) -3 100 10 concentrations at at concentrations 80 60 Concentrationμgm ( 40 20 0 23 1-Jul-00 8-Jul-00 3-Jun-00 7-Oct-00 2-Sep-00 9-Sep-00 15-Jul-00 22-Jul-00 29-Jul-00 5-Aug-00 10-Jun-00 17-Jun-00 24-Jun-00 14-Oct-00 21-Oct-00 28-Oct-00 16-Sep-00 23-Sep-00 30-Sep-00 12-Aug-00 19-Aug-00 26-Aug-00 13-May-00 20-May-00 27-May-00 Date Variation of monthly one hour averages of PM10 concentrations at Colombo Fort Air Quality monitoring station (From Jan 2002 to June 2004) 160 Standard Value 150 µg/m-3 Trend line 120 80 40 Concentration Concentration (µg/m-3) 0 Jul-02 Jul-03 Oct-02 Oct-03 Apr-02 Apr-03 Apr-04 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Date 24 Variation of PM-10 concentrations (24 hour average) at Colombo Fort monitoring site (from 1998 to 2005) 160 120 -3 y = -0.0109x + 79.292 80 Concentration µgm Concentration 40 0 2-Jul-98 4-Jul-02 1-Jul-03 3-Oct-05 5-Jan-03 2-Jan-04 9-Jun-99 4-Nov-00 4-Dec-01 7-Nov-03 1-Jun-04 5-Nov-04 2-Feb-05 1-Mar-99 7-Sep-03 23-Jul-04 30-Jan-00 22-Jan-04 22-Nov-98 19-Nov-99 15-Apr-00 20-Jun-00 12-Feb-01 12-Feb-02 25-Feb-04 13-Apr-04 30-Apr-04 20-Jun-04 28-Nov-04 29-Jun-05 15-Sep-98 12-Sep-04 13-Mar-04 27-Sep-04 25-Mar-05 31-Aug-99 28-Aug-00 10-Aug-04 12-May-05 16-Aug-05 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 Date and year 25 Series124 hour average TrendLinear line (Series1) -3 PM10 Annual Average concentration g/m Annual averages of PM-10 at Colombo Fort Monitoring site (1998-2006) 100 Standard Standard 75 - 50 50 μ µg/m3 gm - 25 3 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year 26 Increasing trends of NO2,SO2 & PM10 Increasing amount of air pollutants with increasing number of vehicles and the capacity of thermal power generation utilizing fossil fuels were the major reasons for these increasing trends.