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aula Platt, Lisa Tate, Rachel Zepada, and Bev Konzem all contributed in this way. Library staff and archivists also paved the path for this piece of scholarship. To all those who lent assistance at Columbia Theological Seminary, Emory University, the Virginia Historical Society, Union Presbyterian Seminary, University of Virginia, Duke University, University of North Carolina, Furman University, and Wofford College, I am grateful. Colleagues also eased this processes. My cohort at Rice provided support during coursework and continued to do so after I left Houston. Ben Wright is always a helpful sounding board for ideas in progress. Andy Lang’s help with the military aspects of war has been indispensible. Carl Paulus shared an interest in the Internet. Conversations, serious and silly, with Ben, Andy, Carl, Wes Phelps, Drew Bledsoe, Allison Madar, Jim Wainwright, Joe Locke, Sarah Paulus, Angela Prattas, Uzma Quraishi, Blaine Hamilton, Andrew Baker, and Andrew Deas made my time at Rice better. At Virginia Tech, Matt Saionz and Joe Forte were great office mates. The History Department there provided an invaluable start in the classroom, and the counterbalance of teaching with scholarship helped me keep the significance of this project in ! ! "<! view. The pedagogy discussion group Mark Barrow leads has been particularly helpful for settling me both at Virginia Tech and in front of a class. Many educators have influenced my path toward this academic life. At Emory & Henry College, Tom Little, Jack Roper, Fred Kellogg, Jim Dawsey, Maurice Luker, and Joe Reiff introduced me to the study of history and religion and made it impossible to choose between the two. At Yale, David Blight first suggested that I might want to study Civil War era religion. At Rice, John Zammito piqued my interest in intellectual history and introduced me to the field. Although the final shape of this dissertation veered away from that subject, its influence on my thought processes is still discernible throughout. Rebecca Goetz shaped my understanding of American religion, guiding me to see the influence of race and importance of lived practice. Working at the Journal of Southern History helped me understand the production of history much better and improved my writing in the process, thanks to the direction of Bethany Johnson and Randal Hall. My dissertation committee has been particularly easy to work with and very helpful. Jeffrey Kripal’s scholarly commitment to taking belief seriously informs my own approach to the study of religion. This project began in Caleb McDaniel’s research seminar, and he has asked probing questions and offered productive criticism throughout the writing process. John Boles has been a model advisor, encouraging steady progress through his perceptive comments and close readings of drafts even when I doubted the quality of my own work. His energetic approach to this profession is infectious. Finally, this project would not have been possible without the efforts of those closest to me. My parents, Harry and Ava, have always supported my decisions, and their positive and ! ! <! loving influence has made me who I am today. Rebecca witnessed the highs and lows graduate school induced and put up with them valiantly. She has brought me love, happiness, companionship, advice, and a lot of books from the library.1 I look forward to what our future holds. ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! U!2,$,))(!(.%-!9,%,'<,%!',)-/3"&"-3!1-'!$'"3/"3/!O"E!"3&-!:0!."1,A!B,!."&,'(..0!%&--9!"3!&+,! C(0!-1!:0!&0E"3/!9(".0A!P!)-:E.,&,9!&+"%!9"%%,'&(&"-3!"3!%E"&,!-1!+":A! ! ! <"! *($.,!-1!;-3&,3&%! P3&'-94)&"-3! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! U! ! ;+(E&,'!Q3,! ! 8"$,'(&"-3!*+,-.-/0!"3!&+,!2,)-3%&'4)&"-3!7-4&+!! ! ! UV! ! ;+(E&,'!*C-! Providence Revised: Defeat, Doubt, and Providential Theology in the Postwar South 84 Chapter Three The Boundaries of Zion: Southern Denominationalism in the Civil War and Reconstruction 125 Chapter Four “Can We Maintain Our Zion?”: Education, Morality, and the Religious Liberation of the Reconstruction South 178 Chapter Five “To Become Like the Conquerors:” Economic Theology in the Postwar South 252 Epilogue 304 Bibliography 324 ! U! P3&'-94)&"-3! ! 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