REVIEW OF THE KNOWN AND POTENTIAL BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS OF PHYTOPHTHORA AND THE LIKELY IMPACT ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES JANUARY 2011 Simon Conyers Kate Somerwill Carmel Ramwell John Hughes Ruth Laybourn Naomi Jones Food and Environment Research Agency Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ 2 CONTENTS Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... 8 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 13 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................ 13 1.2 Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 15 2. Review of the potential impacts on species of higher trophic groups .................... 16 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 16 2.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................. 16 2.3 Results ............................................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 44 3. Review of the potential impacts on ecosystem services ........................................ 46 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.2 Heathland in the UK ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.3 Ecosystem services ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.4 Services from heathland ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.4.1 Provisioning services ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.4.2 Regulating services ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.4.3 Cultural services .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.4.4 Supporting services ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.4.5 Additional services ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.5 Discussion ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 4. Impact on Ericaceous Host Species ...................................................................... 46 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 56 4.2 Host Mapping ..................................................................................................................... 56 4.2.1 Methods ..................................................................................................................... 56 4.2.2 Results ...................................................................................................................... 63 4.3 Risk Scenarios ................................................................................................................... 73 4.3.1 Methods ..................................................................................................................... 73 4.3.2 Results ...................................................................................................................... 75 4.4 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 80 5. Options to predict climate driven changes on the potential UK distribution of Phytophthora. 82 3 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 82 5.2 CLIMEX model ................................................................................................................... 82 5.3 Incorporation into Epidemiological models ......................................................................... 83 5.4 General Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 84 6. Designated Sites and BAP Habitats ...................................................................... 86 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 86 6.2 Potential impact of Phytophthora infection on habitat condition ......................................... 86 6.2.1 Habitat specific Common Standards Monitoring Guidance. ...................................... 87 6.2.2 Likely impact of Phytophthora on condition criteria ................................................... 90 6.3 Mapping of Designated Sites ............................................................................................. 91 6.3.2 National Inventory of Heathland ................................................................................ 95 6.4 Results ............................................................................................................................... 95 6.4.1 Designated Sites ....................................................................................................... 95 6.4.2 National Inventory of Heathland ................................................................................ 98 7. Synthesis and Conclusions .................................................................................... 99 7.1 Summary of likely impacts ................................................................................................. 99 7.1.1 Other species ............................................................................................................ 99 7.1.2 Ecosystem services ................................................................................................. 100 7.1.3 Designated sites ...................................................................................................... 101 7.2 Likely impact of each scenario ......................................................................................... 102 7.2.1 High ......................................................................................................................... 102 7.2.2 Medium .................................................................................................................... 102 7.2.3 Low .......................................................................................................................... 102 7.3 Future Research Priorities ............................................................................................... 103 8. References .......................................................................................................... 104 8.1 Associated Species References ...................................................................................... 108 4 Table 1 Susceptibility of a range of heathland species to P. kernoviae and P. ramorum under laboratory conditions (CSL, 2007). .......................................................................................... 14 Table 2 Phytophagous invertebrates that may vulnerable to the loss of, Vaccinium myrtillus (1), Vaccinium vitis-idaea (2) or Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (3) or a combination which may include Calluna vulgaris (4). ................................................................................................................. 19 Table 3 Phytophagous invertebrates which were included in a list of of insects using, Vaccinium myrtillus (1), Vaccinium vitis-idaea (2), Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (3) or Calluna vulgaris (4) or a combination as host plants but may need to be included even though there is uncertainty in their distribution data or host plant range. ............................................................................... 26 Table 4 Phytophagous invertebrates which were included in a list of of insects recorded as feeding on Vaccinium myrtillus (1), Vaccinium vitis-idaea (2), Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (3) or Calluna vulgaris (4) or a combination but were listed under a synonym. .............................................. 27 Table 5 Phytophagous invertebrates which were included in a list of of insects using Vaccinium myrtillus as a host plant but were excluded as they are immigrants or extinct. ....................... 28 Table 6 Phytophagous invertebrates which were included in a list of of insects using Vaccinium myrtillus or Calluna vulgaris as a host plant but were excluded as they use different food plants ....................................................................................................................................... 29 Table 7 Phytophagous fungi and invertebrates which were recorded as using Vaccinium myrtillus (1), V. vitis-idaea (2) or Calluna vulgaris (4) as a host plant but were excluded as they were introduced to England and Wales ............................................................................................ 30 Table 8 Invertebrates which have been recorded visiting flowers to collect pollen and/or nectar of Vaccinium myrtillus (1),