EML 4905 Senior Design Project A B.S. THESIS PREPARED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Solar Absorption Chiller Final Report Juan Aristizabal Robert Martin Mikail Williams Advisor: Andres Tremante November 24th, 2014 This B.S. thesis is written in partial fulfillment of the requirements in EML 4905. The contents represent the opinion of the authors and not the Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering. Ethics Statement and Signatures The work submitted in this B.S. thesis is solely prepared by a team consisting of JUAN ARISTIZABAL, ROBERT MARTIN and MIKAIL WILLIAMS and it is original. Excerpts from others’ work have been clearly identified, their work acknowledged within the text and listed in the list of references. All of the engineering drawings, computer programs, formulations, design work, prototype development and testing reported in this document are also original and prepared by the same team of students. Robert Martin Robert Martin Team Leader Juan Aristizabal Juan Aristizabal Team Member Mikail Williams Mikail Williams Team Member Andres Tremante Dr. Andres Tremante Faculty Advisor i Table of Contents I. Nomenclature .......................................................................................................................... 1 II. Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Problem Statement........................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Motivation ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Literature Survey ............................................................................................................. 6 2. Project Formulation ................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Absorption Chiller ........................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Cycle and Components .......................................................................................... 11 2.1.2 Efficiency .............................................................................................................. 14 2.1.3 Refrigerants ........................................................................................................... 15 2.1.4 Equations and Parameters ...................................................................................... 19 2.2 Solar Energy .................................................................................................................. 27 2.2.1 Photovoltaic (PV) Cells ......................................................................................... 28 2.2.2 Solar Water Heating .............................................................................................. 32 2.2.2.1 Direct-Circulation Hot Water Systems ............................................................. 33 2.2.2.2 Flat Plate Collectors ......................................................................................... 34 2.2.2.3 Evacuated Tube Collectors ............................................................................... 35 2.2.2.4 ICS Collectors (Integral Collector Storage) ..................................................... 37 2.2.2.5 Concentrating Collectors .................................................................................. 38 2.2.2.6 Hybrid Solar Panel Systems ............................................................................. 39 2.2.3 Equations and Parameters ...................................................................................... 42 2.3 Stirling Engine .................................................................................................................. 48 2.3.1 Equations and Parameters ...................................................................................... 48 3. Design ................................................................................................................................... 51 3.1 Design Analysis ................................................................................................................ 51 3.2.1 Heat Transfer Analysis .......................................................................................... 52 3.2.2 Solar Energy Analysis ........................................................................................... 56 3.2.2.1 Solar Water Heating Selection .......................................................................... 56 3.2.2.2 Pump Selection .................................................................................................. 63 3.2.2.3 PV Panel Selection ............................................................................................ 70 3.2 Proposed Design .............................................................................................................. 78 ii 3.3 Design Model ................................................................................................................... 82 3.4 Design Cost Analysis ....................................................................................................... 89 4. Prototype ............................................................................................................................... 90 4.1 Prototype Cost Analysis ................................................................................................... 91 4.2 Building the Prototype ...................................................................................................... 92 5. Project Management ............................................................................................................. 96 5.1 Project Planner Timeline .................................................................................................. 96 5.2 Responsibility Distribution ............................................................................................... 97 6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 99 6.1 Recommendations for Further Research ..................................................................... 101 6.2 Standards Used in this Project ........................................................................................ 103 6.2.1 ISO Standards ...................................................................................................... 103 6.2.2 SRCC Standards .................................................................................................. 104 6.2.3 International Electrotechnical Commission Standards ........................................ 105 6.2.4 Summary of Component Standards ..................................................................... 106 6.3 Global Components ........................................................................................................ 106 6.4 References ...................................................................................................................... 108 7. Appendix ............................................................................................................................ 110 7.1 Appendix A: Boundary Conditions and Assumptions ................................................... 110 7.2 Appendix B: Piping Diagrams and Layouts ................................................................... 112 7.3 Appendix C: Results – Tables ........................................................................................ 114 7.5 Appendix E: Component Data Sheets and Specifications .............................................. 120 7.5.1 Absorption Chiller Data Sheets ........................................................................... 120 7.5.1.1 English ............................................................................................................. 120 7.5.1.2 French .............................................................................................................. 121 7.5.1.3 German ............................................................................................................ 123 7.5.2 Solar Water Heating Collector Certificates and Data Sheets .............................. 124 7.5.3 PV Panel Data Sheets .......................................................................................... 126 7.5.4 Pump Data Sheets ................................................................................................ 128 iii List of Figures Figure 1 - Annual Energy Consumption by Technology Type [10] ................................................ 5 Figure 2 - Energy Savings, Development Status and Geographic Applicability of Alternatives to Vapor Compression [13] ................................................................................................................. 7 Figure 3 - LiBr Quality for System [3] .......................................................................................... 16 Figure 4 - Heat Balance for WFC-SC5 [32] .................................................................................. 22 Figure 5 - Schematic of a PV Panel