k`htk;rk;;; : =yq;fh tuyhW jkpopy; rhe;jpg;gpupah Mq;fpyj;jpy; [hu;[; lu;du; kw;Wk; tpy;ypak; fP[u; gpd ;du ; khw ;wp vOj paJ N k gpy; N`d]; N gh N l Kd;Diu fp.K. Kd;whk; Ehw;whz;L Kjy; k`htp`huitr; rhh;e;j Gj;j gpl;Rf;fs;> =yq;fhitg; gw;wpa tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gf;fis jw;fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s tuyhw;W Ehy; Nghy vOjp itj;jpUe;jdh;. Ie;jhk; Ehw;whz;by; me;;j Fwpg;Gf;fs; midj;ijAk;; xd;wpizj;J xU tuyhw;W Ehyhf Gj;j gpl;R k`hjPu k`hdkh vd;gtu; vOjpdhh;. mjw;F Kd;ghfNt k`htk;r mj;jf;fjh (Mahavamsa Atthakatha) vd;w ngahpy;; xU Ehy; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ vdwhYk;> k`hjPu k`hdkh me;j Ehiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl jd;Dila Ehypid vOjp cs;shh; vd;gjw;F Mjhuk; cs;sJ vd tpy;`k; fP[u; (Wilhelm Geiger) vd;gth; njhptpj;Js;shh;;. k`htk;r mj;jf;fjh vd;w Ehiyj; jOtp jPgtk;rh (Dipavamsa) vd;w ngahpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s kw;nwhU Ehy; kpf vspikahf vOjg;gl;L ,Ue;jhYk;> tuyhw;W nra;jpfs; mjpf mstpy; mjpy; ,y;iy. 200>000 thh;j;ijfSf;Fk; mjpfkhf cs;s> Rkhh; 960 gf;fq;fs; nfhz;l me;j tuyhw;W Ehypd;; Kjy; 37 gFjpfs; k`htk;rk; vdTk;> 38 Kjy; 79 Mk; tiuapyhd gFjpfs; Fytk;rk;-1 (Culavamsa) vdTk;> gFjpfs; 80 Kjy; 101 tiu Fytk;rk;-2 vdTk; gpupj;J vOjg;gl;L cs;sd. k`htk;rj;jpd; Kjy; ghfk; mDuhjGuj;jpy; fp.gp. Mwhk; Ehw;whz;by; ,Ue;j ‘ntd; k`hek k`hjPuh (Ven. Mahanama Maha Thera) vd;gtupdhy; vOjg;gl;lJ. CLICK HERE TO VIEW ENGLISH VERSION k`htk;rk;;; : =yq;fh tuyhW jkpopy; rhe;jpg;gpupah Mq;fpyj;jpy; [hu;[; lu;du; kw;Wk; tpy;ypak; fP[u; gpd;du; khw;wp vOjpaJ Nkgpy; N`d]; NghNl -2- mtu; 460 Kjy; 478 tiu Mz;l k`htp`hu tk;rhtspia Nrh;e;j jpfre;j Nrdhgjp vd;w gpuptpd;; kd;ddhd jLNrdh (Dhatusena), vd;gtUila khkd; Mtu;. mtu; vOjpa midj;Jk; 37.50 Mk; gFjpAld;; Kbtile;J tpl;lJ. mtUila Ehy; Ie;J Ehw;whz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;j jPgtk;rhit gpd;gw;wpNa vOjg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ vd;whYk; yq;fhit ];jhgpj;J Mz;l Nguurh;fshd kd;dd; tp[ah (Vijaya) Kjy; fp.gp. ehd;fhk; Ehw;whz;il Nru;e;j kd;dd; k`hNrdhtpd; (Mahasena) Ml;rp tiuapyhd nra;jpfisj; mJ je;jJ. fp.gp. gjp%d;whk; Ehw;whz;by; vOjg;gl;Ls;s Fytk;rh vd;w k`htk;r Ehypd; ,uz;lhk; gFjp> ehd;fhk; Ehw;whz;by; Gdpjg; gy; te;jJ Kjy; Nguurd; guhf;fpukgh`_tpd; Ml;rp fhyk; tiuapyhd nra;jpfis njhptpf;fpd;wJ. ,ij vOjpatu; Njuh jk;kfpj;jp (thero Dhammakitti ) vd;gJ jtW> mij cz;ikapy; gy;NtW Jwtpfs; vOjp ,Ue;jpUe;jdh; vd Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;. 1815 Mk; Mz;by; Mq;fpNyau; =yq;fh KOtijAk; gilnaLj;J Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhz;l fhy fl;lj;jpy; mjd; Kd;whk; gFjp vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1837 Mk; Mz;L; k`htdk;rhtpd; mr;rbf;fg;gl;l Kjy; Mq;fpyg; gjpg;ig rpNyhd; rKf Nrit gpuptpy; CLICK HERE TO VIEW ENGLISH VERSION k`htk;rk;;; : =yq;fh tuyhW jkpopy; rhe;jpg;gpupah Mq;fpyj;jpy; [hu;[; lu;du; kw;Wk; tpy;ypak; fP[u; gpd ;du ; khw ;wp vOj paJ N k gpy; N`d]; N gh N l -3- gzp Gupe;J nfhz;L; ,Ue;j [hu;[; lh;du; (George Turnour ) vd;w tuyhw;W Mrpupau; ntspapl;lhh;. 1912 Mk; Mz;by; k`htk;rj;ijAk;> 1930 Mk; Mz;by; Fytk;rhitAk; mjpfhuG+u;tkhf n[h;khdpa nkhopapy; tpy;`k; fP[u; (Wilhelm Geiger) vd;gtu; ntspapl;lhh;. mij njhlh;e;J Nkgy; N`d]; Nghh;Nl (Mabel Haynes Bode ) vd;gu; mij rpwpJ khw;wp vOj> kPz;Lk; tpy;`k; fP[u;; me;j Ehypd; GJg; gjpg;ig ntspapl;lhh;. jPgtk;r fhtpaj;ijj; njhlh;e;J ntspahd k`htk;rk; kf;fspilNa kpfg; ngUk; tuNtw;ig ngw;wJ kl;Lk; ,d;wp ,d;Dk; gy nra;jpfis kw;Wk; gyu; vOj Jhz;L Nfhyhapw;W. gy;NtWfhy fl;lj;jpy; mt;thW vOjg;gl;l gpw Ehy;fs;> ml;ld fhY (Attana-galu), tp`hutk;rh (Vihara Vamsa)> jJtk;rh (Dhatuvamsa)> vY ml;ldfhYtk;rh (Elu-Attanagaluvamsa)> vY Nghjptk;rh (Elu-Bodhivamsa)> k`h Nghjptk;rh (Maha Bodhivamsa)> Jgtk;rh (Thupavamsa)> jhyjtk;rh (Daladavamsa)> kw;Wk; tp`hutk;rh (Viharavamsa) Nghd;wit MFk;;. k`htk;r Ehypd; ngUik k`htk;rk; vd;w k`htd;rh vd;w ,e;j tuyhw;W EhNy cyfpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s tuyhw;W Ehy;fspy; kpfg; nghpaJk;> goikahdJkhFk;. ,e;j Ehy; 2500 Mz;LfSf;fhd rupj;jpuj;ij vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,e;j CLICK HERE TO VIEW ENGLISH VERSION k`htk;rk;;; : =yq;fh tuyhW jkpopy; rhe;jpg;gpupah Mq;fpyj;jpy; [hu;[; lu;du; kw;Wk; tpy;ypak; fP[u; gpd ;du ; khw ;wp vOj paJ N k gpy; N`d]; N ghN l -4- Ehy; kl;Lk; vOjg;glhky; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;; =yq;fhtpy; vOg;gg;gl;Ls;s khngUk; epidTr; rpd;dq;fshd &td; thyp rhah (k`h Jhgh)> N[jtdh> mg;gpahfpup Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wpa nra;jpfis ,e;j cyfk; mwpe;J nfhs;s tha;gpd;wpg; Ngha; ,Uf;Fk;;. 1837 Mk; Mz;L mr;rbf;fg;gl;l k`htk;rhTila Kjy; Mq;fpyg; gjpg;ig rpNyhd; rKf Nrit gpuptpy; gzp Gupe;J nfhz;L; ,Ue;j [hu;[; bA+dh; ( George Turnour ) vd;w tuyhw;W Mrpupau; ntspapl;lhh;. 1912 Mk; Mz;L k`htk;rj;ij n[h;khdpa nkhopapy; tpy;`k; fP[u; (Wilhelm Geiger ) vd;gtu; ntspapl;lhh;. mij gpd;dh; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; Nkgy; N`d]; Nghh;Nl (Mabel Haynes Bode ) vd;gu; rw;W khw;wp vOj mjd; khw;Wg; gjpg;ig kPz;Lk; fP[u; vd;gtu; ntspapl;lhh;;. =yq;fhtpd; tuyhw;W Ehyhd k`htk;rk; kj-rka Nghjid Ehy; ,y;iy vdpYk; Gj;j kjj;ij ];jhgpj;j rpj;jhh;j nfsjkh; fhyk; Kjy;; vg;gb xt;xU fhyj;jpYk; Gj;j kjk; jioj;Njhq;fpaJ vd;w nra;jpfisAk; tpsf;Fk; Kf;fpakhd EhyhfNt tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. mJ kl;Lk; my;y ,J ,e;jpahit gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; Mz;L nfhz;L ,Ue;j mur guk;giufisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfisAk; eL eLNt vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjhy; mJ tuyhw;W rpwg;G kpf;f Ehyhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. kA+uj;ij Mz;l kd;dd; mNrhfid (Maurya emperor Asoka) gw;wpAk;> khngUk; Nguuruhd myf;]hz;lh; (Alexander) Nghd;w kd;ddpd; Ml;rp gw;wpAk; nra;jpfisj; njhptpf;fpd;wJ. ,dp njhlu;tJ tuyhw;Wg; ghfq;fs;………….. CLICK HERE TO VIEW ENGLISH VERSION k`htk;rk;;; : =yq;fh tuyhW jkpopy; rhe;jpg;gpupah Mq;fpyj;jpy; [hu;[; lu;du; kw;Wk; tpy;ypak; fP[u; gpd ;du ; khw ;wp vOj paJ N k gpy; N`d]; N gh N l -5- nghUslf;fk; gf;fk; 01: jhlfhjh tp[ak; 007 02: k`hrkjh tk;rk; 018 03: Kjyhk;; MNyhrid rig 023 04: ,uz;lhk; MNyhrid rig 028 05: Kd;whk; MNyhrid rig 037 06: tp[ad; tUif 072 07: tp[ad; KbR+ly; 079 08: ghz;LtRNjth KbR+ly; 089 09: mgah KbR+ly; 093 10: ghz;Lfghah KbR+ly; 097 11: kd;dd; Njtdhk;gpa jp];]h 110 12: mz;il ehl;by; kjkhw;wq;fs; 115 13: k`pd;jh tUif 122 14: jiyefu;; tUif 125 15: k`htp`huh Vw;G 134 16: nrbagg;gjh tp`huh Vw;G 158 17: Gdpjr; rpd;dk;; 161 18: Nghjp kuk; fpilj;jJ 169 19: Nghjp kuk; ];jhgdk; 176 20: Gj;j jPuh;; rkhjp 185 21: Ie;J kd;dh;fs; 191 22: ,sturh; fhkpdp gpwg;G 195 23: Nghh;g; giltPuu;fs;; 204 24: rNfhjuu;fspd;; Aj;jk; 214 25: jj;jfkhdp; ntw;wp ngw;whh; 220 26: khupftl;b tp`huh 233 27: Nyh`ghj]h Gdpj rlq;F 237 28: ];Jhgp 241 CLICK HERE TO VIEW ENGLISH VERSION k`htk;rk;;; : =yq;fh tuyhW jkpopy; rhe;jpg;gpupah Mq;fpyj;jpy; [hu;[; lu;du; kw;Wk; tpy;ypak; fP[u; gpd ;du ; khw ;wp vOj paJ N k gpy; N`d]; N gh N l -6- gf;fk; 29: ];Jhgp ];jhgdk; 246 30: Gdpj miw 254 31: Gdpj rpd;d ];jhgdk; 265 32: Jhrpj nrhh;f thry; 279 33: gj;J kd;dh;fs; 290 34: gdpNdhU kd;dh;fs; 302 35: gd;dpuz;L kd;dh;fs; 312 36: gjp%d;W kd;dh;fs; 326 37: kd;dd; kN`rd; 339 Gj;j fahtpy; Gj;ju; Qhdk; ngw;w ,lj;jpy; cs;s k`hNghjp Myak; kw;Wk; Nghjp kuk; ed;wp: gpupb\; iyg;gpuup ( British Library) CLICK HERE TO VIEW ENGLISH VERSION k`htk;rk;;; : =yq;fh tuyhW jkpopy; rhe;jpg;gpupah Mq;fpyj;jpy; [hu;[; lu;du; kw;Wk; tpy;ypak; fP[u; gpd ;du ; khw ;wp vOj paJ N k gpy; N`d]; N gh N l -7- 01: jhlfhjh tp[ak; nfsjk Gj;jhpd; =yq;fh ahj;jpiu Gdpjg; gwtp vLj;j rk;krk;Gj;jUf;F vd; gzpthd tzf;fq;fisj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhz;l gpd; ,e;j fhtpakhd kfhtk;rj;ij Kbe;jtiu ve;jtpj gpiofSk; ,y;yhky; $wj; Jtq;Ffpd;Nwd;. Kw;fhyj;jpy; Kdptu; ngUkf;fspdhy; ftdj;Jld;> k`htk;r fhtpak;; rpW rk;gtj;ijf; $l tplhky; tpupthf vOjg;gl;bUe;jjpdhy;; xNu nra;jpfs; gy ,lq;fspy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; $wg;gl;L ,Ue;jd.