Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN INGEGNERIA GEOMATICA E DEI TRASPORTI Ciclo XXIV Settore concorsuale: 08/A3 Settore scientifico-disciplinare di afferenza: ICAR-05 Cooperation and competition in the air transport market: current scenario, possible evolutions and analytical tools Presentata da: Dott. Ing. Filippo Paganelli Coordinatore Dottorato: Chiar.mo Prof. Ing. Gabriele Bitelli Tutor: Dott. Ing. Luca Mantecchini Prof. Ing. Marino Lupi Esame finale anno 2011 General index Chapter 1: Regulatory framework in Italy, EU countries, world. Strengths and weak points 1. Publically owned and operated airports 1.1 - Government owned and operated airports 1.2 - Municipal and quasi-Municipal Operation 1.3 - Operations by independent not-for-profit corporations 2. Private participation or involvement in airport ownership and operations 2.1 - Public Private Partnerships – the concept of concession 2.2 - Concession to operate: management contract 2.3 - Partial privatization 2.4 - Full privatization 3. Remarkable examples of ownership structure in the world 3.1 - Trade sale 3.2 - Concession 3.3 - Privatization through project finance 4. Regulation at some notable European countries 4.1 - Italy 4.2 - United Kingdom 4.3 - Germany 4.4 - France 4.5 - Spain 4.6 - Turkey 4.7 - Other European countries 5. Regulation at some notable Asian & Australian countries 5.1 - Australia 5.2 - China 5.3 - India 5.4 - Indonesia 5.5 - Japan 5.6 - Malaysia 5.7 - Philippines 5.8 - South Korea II 5.9 - Taiwan 5.10 - Thailand 5.11 - Vietnam 6. Regulation at some notable North - American countries 6.1 - Canada 6.2 - USA 7. Regulation at some notable South - American countries Chapter 2: Economic regulation at airports, services and duties to be provided and competition issues 1. Economic Regulation at Airports 1.1 - Rate of return (ROR) regulation 1.2 - Price Cap regulation 1.3 - Reserve regulation (Light-handed regulation) 1.4 - Airports – airline agreements 2. Services provided by airport management 2.1 – Ground handling 2.2 - Non-aeronautical activities 2.3 - Operating expenses and source of revenues at airports 2.4 - Airports – airline agreements 3. Remarks on competition 4. Definition of a sample of airport to analyze and understand air transport market worldwide 5. Airports’ ownership and management at the countries taken into account Chapter 3: Current situation of air traffic market 1. The case of Italy 2. Recent EU traffic evolution 3. Recent worldwide traffic evolution 4. Airlines 5. Merger and acquisitions 6. Vertical integration between airport and airlines 7. Multi airport systems Chapter 4: Methods of assessing airport competition at target countries 1. Means of measuring performance and productivity III 2. Airport-airline agreements 3. Theoretical aspects of concentration indexes 4. Theoretical aspects of the Games Theory 5. Case study 5.1 – Concentration Index analysis 5.2 – A Game theory plot Conclusions IV List of tables Table 1: Airport privatization through trade sale. Table 2: Airport privatization through concession. Table 3: Airport privatization through project finance – PPP. Table 4: Canadian, American, British and Italian National Airport System Network classification Table 5: New classification of National airports by the Philippines’ Government. Table 6: FAA Airport Design Group Classification. Table 7: ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code Classification. Table 8: Ownership at some European Airports. Table 9: Italian airports under full concession to operate. Table 10: Italian airports under partial concession to operate. Table 11: Ownership at some Asian Airports. Table 12: Australian federal airports leased. Table 13: List of Japanese 1 st and 2 nd class airport. Table 14: Facilities provided at Japanese airports. Table 15: Ownership at some north-American Airports. Table 16: Canada Airport divestiture program. Table 17: Regulation form at some extra-EU countries. Table 18: Evolution of UK price cap factor X at regulated airports. Table 19: Ground Handling services. Table 20: Market access to GH Services in the EU. Table 21: EU Airports general sources of revenue in 2008 and 2009. Table 22: Revenue and cost structure at some world airport, 2006-2007. Table 23: Relative % importance of different aeronautical charges and taxes by world region. Table 24: Brazilian airports taken into consideration, IATA code, management and ownership. Table 25: Canadian airports taken into consideration, IATA code, management and ownership. Table 26: USA airports taken into consideration, IATA code, management and ownership. Table 27: Chinese airports taken into consideration, IATA code, management and ownership. Table 28: Indian airports taken into consideration, IATA code, management and ownership. V Table 29: Australian airports taken into consideration, IATA code, management and ownership. Table 30: Ownership of airport operators in continental EU. Table 31: Governance at Public owned airports in continental EU. Table 32: Governance at Mixed-owned airports in continental EU. Table 33: Countries in the continental EU as for 2010. Table 34: Turkish airports taken into consideration, IATA code, management and ownership. Table 35: French airports taken into consideration, IATA code, management and ownership. Table 36: German airports taken into consideration, IATA code, management and ownership. Table 37: Spanish airports taken into consideration, IATA code, management and ownership. Table 38: UK airports taken into consideration, IATA code, management and ownership. Table 39 a/b: Management firm, city, IATA code, shareholding, % change versus 2008 and ownership for Italian airports taken into consideration Table 40 a/h: Shareholding at principal Italian airports 2005-2010 Table 41 a/h: Shareholding and governance at Italian secondary airports 2009-2010 Table 42: Principal destinations of Italian passengers. Time series 2006-2010 Table 43: Top 15 airlines for passengers carried in 2010 Table 44: Low cost and Network carriers’ market share at Italian airports. Time series 2005-2010 Table 45: Passengers carried in Europe – Time series 2001-2010 Table 46: Forecasted airport congestion at a sample of EU airport Table 47: Forecasted hours/day excess capacity at a sample of EU airport Table 48: Passengers and Freight flow from EU airports – 2010 Table 49a: Airlines which entered EU market in 2010 Table 49b: Airlines which ceased operations in 2010 Table 50: Worldwide Airport traffic summary, by region - 2010 Table 51: ICAO members Airlines RPK growth, by region - 2010 Table 52: ACI Worldwide traffic report at top 30 airport Table 53: Top 25 legacy carriers worldwide - 2010 Table 54: Top 20 Airlines in the world. ASK (million) 2010 data Table 55: Top 20 Airlines in Europe. ASK (million) 2010 data VI Table 56: Top 20 Airlines in Europe. ASK (million) per country 2010 data Table 57: Major airlines and groups in EU per passengers and Load Factor - 2010 Table 58: Global airline alliances – ASK advertised 2010 Table 59a: Global airline alliances - Composition Table 59b: Global airline alliances - Composition Table 60: Global airline dominance at EU major countries Table 61: Australian traffic data Table 62: Gini Index for Australia – time series Table 63: Airlines’ concentration at Australian major airports Table 64: Australian traffic composition Table 65: Dominance Index at Australian airports Table 66: Brazilian traffic data Table 67: Gini Index for Brazil – time series Table 68: Airlines’ concentration at Brazilian major airports Table 69: Brazilian traffic composition Table 70: Dominance Index at Brazilian airports Table 71: Canadian traffic data Table 72: Gini Index for Canada – time series Table 73: Airlines’ concentration at Canadian major airports Table 74a: Canadian traffic composition Table 74b: Canadian traffic composition Table 75: Dominance Index at Canadian airports Table 76a: Chinese traffic data Table 76b: Chinese traffic data Table 77a: Gini Index for China – time series Table 77b: Gini Index for China – time series Table 78: Chinese traffic composition Table 79 a-d: Airlines’ concentration at Chinese major airports Table 80: Dominance Index at Chinese airports Table 81: French traffic data Table 82: Gini Index for France – time series Table 83: Airlines’ concentration at French major airports Table 84a: French traffic composition Table 84b: French traffic composition Table 85: Dominance Index at French airports VII Table 86: Hub capability at French airports Table 87: German traffic data Table 88: Gini Index for Germany – time series Table 89: Airlines’ concentration at German major airports Table 90a: French traffic composition Table 90b: French traffic composition Table 91: Dominance Index at German airports Table 92: Hub capability at German airports Table 93: Indian traffic data Table 94: Gini Index for India – time series Table 95a-b: Airlines’ concentration at Indian major airports Table 96: Indian traffic composition Table 97: Dominance Index at Indian airports Table 98: UK traffic data Table 99: Gini Index for UK – time series Table 100: Airlines’ concentration at UK major airports Table 101a: UK traffic composition Table 101b: UK traffic composition Table 102: Dominance Index at UK airports Table 103: Hub capability at UK airports Table 104: Italy traffic data Table 105: Gini Index for Italy – time series Table 106: Airlines’ concentration at Italian major airports Table 107a: Italian traffic composition Table 107b: Italian traffic composition Table 108: Dominance Index at Italian airports Table 109: Hub