Springer Tracts in Modern Physics Volume 133 Managing Editor: G. H6hler, Karlsruhe Editors: ]. Kiihn, Karlsruhe Th. Mfiller, Karlsruhe R. D. Peccei, Los Angeles F. Steiner, Ulm 1. Trfimper, Garching P. W61fle, Karlsruhe Honorary Editor: E. A. 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Riffert H. M~ther H. Herold H. Ruder Matter at High Densities in Astrophysics Compact Stars and the Equation of State With 86 Figures ~ Springer Harald Riffert Herbert Miither Heinz Herold Hanns Ruder Universit/it Tiibingen Auf der Morgenstelle lO D-TzO76 Tfibingen Germany Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Mailer at high densities In astrophysics : compact stars and the equation of state / H. Herold ... - Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; Barcelona ; Budapest ; Hong Kong ; London ; Milan ; Paris ; Santa Clara ; Singapore ; Tokyo : Springer, 1996 (Springer tracts in modern physics ; Vol. 133) ISBN 3-540-60605-X NE: Herold, Heinz; GT Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS): 21.65.+f, 64.1o.+h, 91.3o.Ks, 96.6o.Ly, 97.2o.Rp, 97.6o.Jd ISBN 3-54o-6o6o5-x Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. 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Cover design: Springer-Verlag, Design & Production SPIN: 10493069 56/3144-5 4 3 2 r o - Printed on acid-free paper In Honor of Friedrich Hund' s woth Birthday Friedrich Hund on his 100th Birthday Friedrich Hund was born on the 4th of February 1896 in Karlsruhe. Thus we now have the rare opportunity to congratulate a distinguished physicist on his 100th birthday and to honor his achievements. Let us first of all recall the major stages in his life as a physicist. Hund studied in GSttingen and Marburg, and in 1921 he took the state examination in GSttingen. He spent the following year as a teacher at a high school. Dur- ing this time, Hund established contact with Max Born, who had just been appointed to the Chair of Theoretical Physics in GSttingen. This led to his working on a doctoral thesis for which he was awarded a PhD in 1922. At the same time Born offered him a position as scientific assistant, a post which Hund held until 1927. In 1925 he completed his Habilitation (the qualification needed to become a lecturer at a German university) and in 1926/27 he spent one semester in Copenhagen. In 1927 he was appointed to a professorship at the University of Rostock. From 1929 until 1946 Professor Hund was at the University of Leipzig, for the majority of this time together with Heisenberg. He then moved to the University of Jena, where he remained until 1951. He spent the years from 1951 until 1956 at the University of Frankfurt. In 1956 (after the death of Richard Becker) Hund accepted a chair at the University of GSttingen and thus returned to the place where he had begun his career as a physicist. Until only a few years ago, throughout the decades since his official retirement, Hund continued to hold regular lectures in GSttingen. Anyone who hears the name Friedrich Hund immediately thinks of the dis- covery and development of quantum theory, events which he helped to shape during his time in GSttingen. In 1922 Hund attended the famous GSttingen Lectures of Niels Bohr. When, in 1925, the old quantum theory was cast aside in favor of Heisenberg's discovery of quantum mechanics, Hund experienced this at first hand. His work during the 1920s addressed the problem of un- derstanding atomic and molecular spectra, based initially on the idea of the correspondence principle. He made essential contributions to explaining the observed multiplet structure of complicated spectra. "Hund's Rule" is to be found in all standard textbooks on quantum mechanics. In his first book, whose German title "Linienspektren und periodisches System der Elemente" translates as "Spectral Lines and the Periodic Table of the Elements" [1], he presented the results of this work. VIII Friedrich Hund on his lOOth Birthday Following the publication in 1926 of SchrSdinger's equation, Hund recog- nized how it is possible to understand the connection between the electron system of a molecule and those of separate atoms. This important insight led to the development of the Hund-Mulliken method of molecular orbitals. Works were published on the interpretation of spectra and other properties of molecules. We will have to be content here with these few keywords. Very much later, in his book on the history of quantum theory [2], Hund describes how he witnessed the creation of quantum theory. His own contributions to these developments are mentioned with his typical modesty. During his years in Leipzig, he first of all pursued the theory of molecules and of chemical bonding. His contribution to the "Handbuch der Physik" (En- cyclopedia of Physics) about the quantum mechanics of atoms and molecules was also written during this period. He then addressed his attention in par- ticular to the quantum theory of solids. A series of works dealing with the states of electrons in crystal lattices bears witness to this interest. He was also active in the field of nuclear physics and, in 1937, he published a one- particle model of the atomic nucleus. This was a forerunner of the later shell model. Towards the end of the 1930s, Hund turned his attention to the field properties of matter. He was able to show that a qualitative understanding of chemical bonding and of the production of matter could already be achieved in the classical wave picture. He began work on a monograph about the field theory of matter. However, due to the unfavorable circumstances that prevailed during and immediately after the Second World War, he was only able to complete this manuscript very much later. The book finally appeared in 1954 with the title "Materie als Feld" (Matter as Field) [3]. It contained a systematic description of the wave aspects of matter and also a particularly clear introduction to quantum field theory. In the second half of his life, Hund was particularly concerned to com- municate his knowledge and experience to younger physicists. During his last years in Leipzig he had already begun to write a textbook of theoreti- cal physics based on his lectures there. The book appeared shortly after the Second World War, its final form being the three-volume work "Theoretische Physik. Eine Einftihrung" (Theoretical Physics. An Introduction) [4], which appeared in 1956/57. Shortly after this, in 1961, he published a book "The- orie des Aufbaues der Materie" (Theory of the Structure of Matter) [5]. In the preface to this book Hund expressed very clearly his desire to provide an understanding of the foundations of physics. Anyone who has read his books can confirm that he did indeed achieve his objective. Hund has documented his thoughts about general questions of physics in very many articles and published lectures.