^^^^^^^^^^dyrherjertj^ 'etuedtujer ELEM INDIAN COLONY Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine Superfund Site OU1 OU2 OU2 Elem AESE, Inc. Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine OU2 OU1 AESE, Inc. The Area Launch Google Earth AESE, Inc. The carrying capacity clearly required Lake resources and surrounding lands to sustain the Tribe OU1 OU2 OU2 Elem Roundhouse AESE, Inc. AESE, Inc. AESE, Inc. AESE, Inc. AESE, Inc. 1. Indian Reservations are lands set aside or reserved by the U.S. for the benefit of the a Tribe and are designed to provide all the necessary sustenance for the subject Tribe 2. Reservation can be conceptualized as an Island with Finite Resources 3. Each Acre Lost to Contamination (or Stigma Associated with Contamination) or Development Results In: Spokane Reservation • Reduction of the Carrying-Capacity of the Land (Number of Members Able to Practice Traditional Cultural Lifeways) • Members Currently Practicing Traditional Lifeways Must Relinquish Some Uses to Other Members 4. A Reservation is the only place on earth where Tribes can practice self- governance Bottom Line: ALL Land is Highly Valuable to the Tribe and therefore must be Preserved for All Future Uses (PAFU) AESE, Inc. Simplified Concept of a Suburban Exposure Scenario Air release Little environmental contact. Few exposure pathways. Groundwater release Some environmental recreation AESE, Inc A Traditional Environmental Knowledge-based Scenario MONTANE AIR AND DUST RESOURCES INHALATION RIPARIAN CULTURAL ACTIVITIES RESOURCES PROCESSING GAME DIRECT SOIL EXPOSURE GARDEN PRODUCE GAME MEAT IRRIGATION WETLANDS GROUNDWATER RESOURCES AQUATIC FOODS GATHERED FOODS SURFACE SEDIMENT DESERT RESOURCES WATER USE EXPOSURE AESE, Inc EPA (Omernick) Ecoregions Swinomish Spokane Ojibwe Maine Tribes Umatilla Sho-Bans Elem Pomo Washoe Santa Clara Pueblo Quapaw Currently Underway Completed Traditional Tribal Subsistence Exposure Scenario Elem (Pomo) Scenario 61 and Risk Assessment Guidance Manual Elem (Pomo) Human Health Risk Assessment kukletlt6ltl Exposure Scenario 67o6 t7o6 5i35ri35ei3ei 57i57i57it krtktu Clear Lake1 tuktuktr gjkrt yjklyl Clear Lake Pomo Hunter on a Title Raft2 Three Rivers. Idaho (Courtesy of Barbara Harper) Principal Investigator: Barbara L. Harper, Oregon State University Department of Public Health and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Co-investigators: 1 Photos by Charles Webber, posted at http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cqi/iiTrq quervTwhere- Anna K. Harding, Oregon State University Department of Public Health qenre=Landscape&query src=photos landscape index&rel-location=like&where- location=clear+lake&rel-plant comm=like&where-plant comm=&where-continent=anv&where- Therese Waterhous, Oregon State University Department of Nutrition and countrv=anv&where-state=California+%282716%29&rel-county=eq&where-countv=ariv&\vhere- Exercise Sciences collectn=anv8,rel-photoqrapher=eq&where-photoqrapher=any&rel-kwid=equals&where-kwid= Stuart G. Harris, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation : CURTIS. Edward Sheriff, The Hunter—Lake Pomo; http:/\vvvwdonaldheald com/browse 18.html AESE, Inc. Sulphur Bank Rancheria AESE, Inc. Sulphur Bank Rancheria AESE, Inc. Sulphur Bank Rancheria AESE, Inc. Tar Creek Chat Piles AESE, Inc. Sulphur Bank Rancheria AESE, Inc. Seeps, Cementation, Wind Erosion, and Receptors AESE, Inc. December 2008 esa Ecological Volume 18 No. 8 Supplement This compendium is APPLICATIONS A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA a necessary resource for anyone living in, or using natural resources from, the Clearlake Watershed. ^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^^hdheryheyeywr ujfyuiwr Mercury Cycling and Bioaccumulation in Clear Lake AESE, Inc. Ecological Applications A88 FRANCISCO J. RUEDA ET AL. Special Issue Sulphur Banks Quicksilver Mine, lake Co., Cal. gkguklteyhdtujhdtujkjkgjjg— ^^^>. PLATE 1. A photograph from an early postcard showing the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine site ca. 1890 (courtesy of Lakeport Historic Courthouse Museum). The large complex of buildings at center right indicates the location of one of many shafts, which were active from ca. 1875 to 1902. AESE, Inc. AESE, Inc. M» MM i ^^^^ J^HC^~*^*>-^^' ^^^^^^f^^^ ^gsrhsreuyetet PLATK 2. Mercury-laden mine tailings and waste rock piles at the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine ca. 1900. before more modern earthmoving equipment and bulldozing occurred (courtesy of Lakcport Historic Courthouse Museum). AESE, Inc. December 2008 EXCHANGE FLOW A105 3K -ti45i54i956io459568 PLATE 3. Wooden condeners at the Sulphur Bunk Mercury Mine that captured volatilized mercury from the roasting of cinnabar ore in retort furnaces, converting it into liquid quicksilver ca. 1929 (courtesy of California Geological Survey, Department of Conservation). AESE, Inc. 1920’s Mechanization AESE, Inc. Ecological Application- AI52 THOMAS H. SUCHANEK ET AL. Special Issue Open Pit Mining at Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine Begins in 1927 jfykfui jdfjkwdfyk gfjkwfy Pi_AT 4. Parrot Pit at Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine during the era of open pit mining showing steam shovel and dump trucks, ca. 1939 (courtesy of California Geological Survey. Department of Conservation). AESE, Inc. Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine OU2 OU1 AESE, Inc. Ecological Applications A260 PETER J. RICHER SON ET AL. Special Issue Lakepon I sgsgsdgwt\^ i l g1 / / ) f I "^^v^bjt Sulphur Bank C \ \ LA-03V. Mercury Mine k ^^^Cfty of Cteartake- 012345 Km So -HF FlG. 2. Locations of coring sites in. Clear Lake. Sec Suchanck eL aI. for a more detailed map of the lake and watershed. AESE, Inc. Based on OA 2000 Core, Post mining Deposition rates appear similar in upper and oaks, but slightly lower in Lower Lake y ru-irs ^r,m^ 10== ^ ** ^ ^v O 50 IUO ISO 2CU DDD (ppm) 0 .i I 0 50 100 150 200 ^B^^^^M^H^" *^0"i j l>ca-19'E ™j ^"^JPlf ^^^^^^ ^"r ==^* 2== 7 § 6o-* 90= f °= 7 Z ™J I 10°: asdgSD= ( % eo- V no| V* M= / Q aoJ J 120= f ,0O= \ ioo-j i3DI I no| > 110^ Upper Arm 1996 i40| t 1 !2r UA-°3: TolHg 160I / \ T«H 1— 1 •——-r- —-| 170^ V - I 0 12 3 4 5 y ,5»E / TotHg (ppmj i9o| t \ 200§ X 1BO % 3S0= f 2o0- 1. 230| 210| [ 340= Upper Arm 2000 Sa>= > pen- Z3D- 4- ^^^^^^H ««= ^—UA-osiTotHg _• Oaks Arm 2OO0 ^C^^^^SW I —*— (JA-03: DDD t M ml iWi mM E ^ ^ — 250 —— I 270 ^J 1 : -I = L UA-03A:TotHg PIVIB " > I..*-. r.._V.: ULJ ••••^l TotHg{ppm) Fw;. 3. Dit:nLorodipncnyLd.it:hLor(>tLnant: fDDD) (triangles) plocced as a functio2TO=] n o1—f dept, h , in ,representative— ^ Upper Arm cores fin 1998 and. 2000) andan Oaks Arm core (in 2000}. The DDD peak sb ouLd t: orresponO d to20 the 4yea0 r 6of0 maximumao 10 0applicatio 120 n to the Lake, ta. 1954. TOTAL mercury *(TolHg;small dots) is also pLoLLed, along wiLh a horizon Lint LhaTotHL rtp gres (ppmt nt* )Lbt : beginning of opcn-pil mining ca_ 1927. AESE, Inc. December 2008 MERCURY IN CLEAR LAKE'S ABIOTIC MATRICES A153 Milling/Smelting Infrastructure Dramatically Increased ^^^^^ ^^^^7^5^, z^r^^^^^»iHHr fsdhsafhshqwehs• ^ * ^^^^^ PLATE 5. Sulphur Bunk Mercury Mine operations during large-scale production, with massive tailings pile on left, shortly before the end of the mining era ca. 1946 (courtesy of Lakcport Historic Courthouse Museum). AESE, Inc. December 2008 MERCURY IN OSPREY AND GREBES A235 hadfhads^^^^^^^^^^^^^ PLATE 7. Mercury retort furnace and processing facility at the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine ca. 1947 (photo credit: Worthcn Bradley; courtesy of California Geological Survey, Department of Conservation). AESE, Inc. Western Cut Spring AESE, Inc. AESE, Inc. AESE, Inc. DIVISION OF MINES journal vol 18 fl 4 ggfsdisafgsdfjklasgl shdfgiosgsuilshiostw 4. .Ill i it) i; J4l\):, i \KK» u » 'i % u lh»KS'u AESE, Inc. AESE, Inc. AESE, Inc. December 2008 ANTHROPOGENIC STRESSOR EVIDENCE IN CORES A265 hklfsdntgolywr jrosdlt7iry iluyswtipryt sdgghsa sfhsfdh fsdhsdfh hedth here PLATE 8. Sulphur Bunk Mercury Mine showing steeply sloped waste rock piles that comprise the waste rock dam with overflow channel into dear Lake (on right side of dam) before the 1992 slope remediation by U.S. EPA. Note 30 m deep Herman Pit ipH—3) in background. Clear Lake is in the foreground. (Courtesy of Charles Chambcrlin. Humboldt Stale University: photo taken in 1987. before waste rock pile remediation in 1992). AESE, Inc. Indian Reservations are lands set aside or reserved by the U.S. for the benefit of the a Tribe and are designed to provide all the necessary sustenance for the subject Tribe at the time the lands were reserved and in perpetuity. This means that the Tribe has the right to resources that are safe for traditional uses even though these lands cannot support these uses today, due to past inappropriate management practices. AESE, Inc. Since human health risk for those living close to the land are driven by traditional consumption rates occurring during traditional activities, Traditional, pre- contamination consumptions rates are employed to calculate how clean the resources must be. It is our experience working with tribes on superfund issues throughout the U.S., that because tribes rely heavily on natural resources, in many instances, their sole source of sustenance, these resources have to be free of site contamination. AESE, Inc. Since CERCLA cannot require a PRP to cleanup to conditions that are cleaner than pre-contaminated conditions, this means that Cleanups must focus on pre- contaminated conditions and not excess risk. In Summary, drawing this conclusion early in the process enables the focus of work to shift from estimating risk and back-calculating PRG/RAOs, to determining pre- contamination baseline and mapping the nature and extent of contamination. This early realization will result in saving large sums of time and money, makes EPA to appear more credible to the public, speeds the cleanup process while not costing the responsible parties additional sums, and more rapidly brings closure to the RI/FS and NRDA processes. AESE, Inc. The National Contingency Plan (NCP) prescribes the approach for selecting a CERCLA remedy. 40 CFR § 300.430. All alternatives considered by EPA, except 42 U.S.C. § 9601, et seq.