Research studies on the organisation and functioning of the justice system in five selected countries (China, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea and Russian Federation) Korea Final Report for United Nations Development Programme, Viet Nam Date: 30 July 2010 Contributors: Professor Byung-Sun Cho, Chongju University College of Law, Korea Professor Tom Ginsburg, University of Chicago Law School The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, including UNDP, or the UN Member States. Page | 2 Table of Contents 1. Political, Cultural, Historical and Socio-economic Context ................................................................. 6 1.1 Major historical events .................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Economic system ................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Political system ............................................................................................................... 11 Leadership and Authority ............................................................................................................... 11 Aims, objectives and visions for the justice sector ........................................................................ 11 Institutions ...................................................................................................................................... 12 Accountability ................................................................................................................................. 12 Constitutional Structures ................................................................................................................ 13 1.4 Other Actors ........................................................................................................................ 14 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 14 2. Criminal Investigation ........................................................................................................................ 15 2.1 Organisation ........................................................................................................................ 15 2.2 Model ....................................................................................................................................... 17 2.3 Tasks and Functions ......................................................................................................... 18 2.4 Relations ............................................................................................................................... 25 2.5 Mechanisms ............................................................................................................................ 27 Coordination ................................................................................................................................... 27 Administrative ................................................................................................................................ 27 Oversight and Inspection ............................................................................................................... 28 2.6 Criminal Investigators .................................................................................................. 29 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 30 3. Prosecution/Procuracy ...................................................................................................................... 32 3.1 Organisation ........................................................................................................................ 32 3.2 Model ....................................................................................................................................... 33 3.3 Tasks and Functions ......................................................................................................... 35 3.4 Relations ............................................................................................................................... 37 3.5 Mechanisms ............................................................................................................................ 38 Prosecutorial oversight .................................................................................................................. 38 Administrative Management .......................................................................................................... 39 Oversight and Inspection Mechanisms .......................................................................................... 39 3.6 Career and transparency issues ................................................................................. 40 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 41 4. Court system ..................................................................................................................................... 43 4.1 Role and Position ............................................................................................................. 43 4.2 Organisation ........................................................................................................................ 43 4.3 Model ....................................................................................................................................... 46 Page | 3 4.4 Tasks and Functions ......................................................................................................... 47 4.5 Relations ............................................................................................................................... 55 Investigation, Security and Prosecution Agencies ......................................................................... 55 State Agencies ............................................................................................................................... 55 Legislative Branches ...................................................................................................................... 55 Executive Branches ....................................................................................................................... 56 4.7 Judicial education and training ............................................................................... 56 4.8 Career issues ...................................................................................................................... 57 4.9 Guarantee of tenure ......................................................................................................... 59 4.10 Judicial interpretation .............................................................................................. 60 4.11 Adjudication ...................................................................................................................... 60 4.12 Jurors ................................................................................................................................... 61 Role ................................................................................................................................................ 61 Appointment and Training .............................................................................................................. 61 Relationship with Judges ............................................................................................................... 62 Oversight ........................................................................................................................................ 62 4.13 Regional delimitations ................................................................................................ 62 4.14 Judicial Independence .................................................................................................. 63 4.15 Appeals ................................................................................................................................. 63 4.16 Positioning ........................................................................................................................ 66 4.17 Judicial administration .............................................................................................. 69 4.18 Oversight and accountability ................................................................................... 70 4.19 Other Court Staff ........................................................................................................... 73 4.20 Litigation Costs ............................................................................................................. 73 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 76 5. Civil and criminal judgement enforcement ........................................................................................ 79 5.1 Types of Enforcement ....................................................................................................... 79 Civil ...............................................................................................................................................