Women’s Human Rights Monitoring Report Gender-Based Crimes Against Humanity: Listening to the Voices of Women Survivors of 1965 2 Listening to the Voices of Women Survivors of 1965 Women’s Human Rights Monitoring Report GENDER-BASED CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: LISTENING TO THE VOICES OF WOMEN SURVIVORS OF 1965 Printed 2007 ISBN: 978-979-25-7546-7 Authors Team: Ita F. Nadia Karen Campbell Nelson Sawitri Rina Widyawati Experts Team: Agung Ayu Ratih Galuh Wandita Reader Team: Kamala Chandrakirana Husayn Muhammad Abda A’la Arimbi Heroepoetri Neng Dara Affiah Vien Soesono Data Collection and Verification Team: Theodora Josephin Erlijna (Lingkar Tutur Perempuan) Ester Rini Pratsnawati (Lingkar Tutur Perempuan) Kusnul Hidayati (Syarikat Indonesia) Rumekso Setyadi (Syarikat Indonesia) Design Team: Paragraphworld.deviantart.com Jl. Latuharhary No.4B Jakarta 10310 Indonesia Telp: +62-21 390 3963 Fax: +62-21 390 3922 Email: [email protected] Website: www.komnasperempuan.or.id Table of Content 3 Table of Content Table of Content --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Executive Summary ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 Glossary ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 CHAPTER I METHODOLOGY AND PROCESS OF PROMOTING DIALOGUE ---------------- 25 A. Documentation and Study ------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 B. Mutual Learning -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 C. Teaching History -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 D. Pioneering Reconciliation Efforts ----------------------------------------------------------- 32 E. Paving the Way for Dialogue ---------------------------------------------------------------- 33 F. Teaching History -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 CHAPTER II HISTORICAL CONTEXT ------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 A. Background of Gerwani ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 B. Mass Media and Negative Propaganda about Gerwani ------------------------------ 48 C. From Negative Propaganda to Physical Attacks ---------------------------------------- 58 D. The Impact Of Attacks Against Gerwani On The Women’s Movement ----------- 60 CHAPTER III FINDINGS ON HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AGAINST WOMEN ------------ 65 A. Patterns of Human Rights Violation Against Women -------------------------- 67 Right to Life and Right to Protection from Forced Disappearance --------------- 67 Human Rights Framework • Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 • Women Victims of Extrajudicial Killing and Forced Disappearance ----------------- 69 4 Listening to the Voices of Women Survivors of 1965 Right to Protection from Arbitrary Detention, Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment --------------------------------------------------------- 74 Human Rights Framework • Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 • Women in Detention ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 Inhumane-and-degrading-treatment-of-women-during-arrest------------------------ - 78 - Inhumane-detention-conditions-------------------------------------------------------------- - 79 - Relocation-from-one-detention-site-to-another------------------------------------------- - 81 - Detention-without-trial------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 84 - Torture-during-detention----------------------------------------------------------------------- - 87 - Sexual-torture-during-detention-------------------------------------------------------------- - 91 - Rape-and-sexual-slavery-during-detention------------------------------------------------- - 94 - Children-who-were-with-their-mothers-in-detention------------------------------------- - 100 - Forced-labour------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 102- Special-detention-sites-for-women----------------------------------------------------------- - 104- Sexual-violence-upon-release------------------------------------------------------------------ -- 106 Right to Security --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109 Human Rights Framework • Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109 • Assaults against Women and Their Families --------------------------------------------- 109 • Sexual Violence during Mob Attacks ------------------------------------------------------ 112 • Looting, Damage, and Confiscation of Property -------------------------------------- 115 • Violation of the Family’s Right to Protection -------------------------------------------- 116 Mothers-forcibly-separated-from-their-children------------------------------------------- - 116- - Women-whose-husbands-or-family-members-were - victims-of-summary-executions-and-forced-disappearances-------------------------- -- 121 - Women-whose-husbands-were-detained--------------------------------------------------- - 127 - Sexual-violence-against-women-whose-husbands-were-imprisoned----------------- - 130 Right to Protection from Forced Displacement --------------------------------------- 134 Human Rights Framework • Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 134 • Experiences on Buru Island ------------------------------------------------------------------ 135 Women-forcibly-relocated-to-Buru-Island-------------------------------------------------- - 135 - Children-on-Buru-Island------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 137- Sexual-slavery-on-Buru-Island----------------------------------------------------------------- - 138 - Release-of-prisoners-that-neglected-women-and-children----------------------------- - 139 Ongoing Persecution after Release: Grave Denial of Fundamental Rights ---- 141 Human Rights Framework • Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 142 • Problems with Identification Cards ------------------------------------------------------- 142 • Denial of the Right to Freedom of Movement ----------------------------------------- 144 Table of Content 5 • Denial of Political Rights --------------------------------------------------------------------- 146 • Denial of the Right to Work ----------------------------------------------------------------- 149 • Denial of the Right to Education ------------------------------------------------------------ 152 • Ostracism and Stigmatization by the Community and Family ----------------------- 153 Impact -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 160 Human Rights Framework • Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 160 • Impact on Physical and Mental Health --------------------------------------------------- 160 • Economic Impact ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 163 B. Key Findings: Women as Victims of Crimes Against Humanity ------------- 167 Applicable Law and Statute of Limitations ------------------------------------------------------ 168 The Application Of International Law Based On Findings That Meet Threshold Conditions For Crimes Against Humanity ---------------------------- 169 The-element-of-a-widespread-attack-on-a-civilian-population------------------------ - 170- The-element-of-a-systematic-attack-against-a-civilian-population------------------- - 170 The Application of International Law Based on Findings That Meet the Elements of Gender-Based Crimes Against Humanity --------------------- 172 Gender-based-Persecution--------------------------------------------------------------------- - 172- Denial-of-Fundamental-Rights-in-Violation-of-International-Law--------------------- - 172 - Individuals-or-Groups-Targeted-Based-on-Group-or-Collective-Identity- - (political,-racial,-national,-ethnic,-cultural,-religious,-gender)------------------------- - 172 Rape and Sexual Torture as Crimes against Humanity --------------------------------------- 173 Sexual Slavery as a Crime against Humanity --------------------------------------------------- 173 c. Responsibility ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 175 The Rights of Victims of Gross Human Rights Violations According to International Human Rights Law ------------------------------------------------ 175 Individual Criminal Responsibility ----------------------------------------------------------------- 176 Responsibility of Non-State Institutions --------------------------------------------------------- 177 State Responsibility ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 177 Ongoing-Persecution---------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 178- Ongoing-Denial----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 179- No-Follow-up-to-Previous-Apologies---------------------------------------------------------