T.C. SÜLEYMAN DEM İREL ÜN İVERS İTES İ FEN B İLİMLER İ ENST İTÜSÜ KUZEYBATI ANADOLU’NUN KARASAL GASTROPODLARI ÜM İT KEBAPÇI Danı şman: Prof. Dr. M. Zeki YILDIRIM DOKTORA TEZ İ BİYOLOJ İ ANAB İLİMDALI ISPARTA – 2007 Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Müdürlü ğüne Bu çalı şma jürimiz tarafından …………. ANAB İLİM DALI'nda oybirli ği/oyçoklu ğu ile DOKTORA TEZ İ olarak kabul edilmi ştir. Ba şkan : (Ünvanı, Adı ve Soyadı) (İmza) (Kurumu)................................................... Üye : (Ünvanı, Adı ve Soyadı) (İmza) (Kurumu)................................................... Üye : (Ünvanı, Adı ve Soyadı) (İmza) (Kurumu)................................................... Üye: (Ünvanı, Adı ve Soyadı) (İmza) (Kurumu)................................................... Üye : (Ünvanı, Adı ve Soyadı) (İmza) (Kurumu)................................................... 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Prof. Dr. Fatma GÖKTEPE Enstitü Müdürü İÇİNDEK İLER Sayfa İÇİNDEK İLER......................................................................................................... i ÖZET........................................................................................................................ ix ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. x TE ŞEKKÜR ............................................................................................................. xi ŞEK İLLER D İZİNİ................................................................................................... xii ÇİZELGELER D İZİNİ............................................................................................. xiii KISALTMALAR...................................................................................................... xiv 1. G İRİŞ .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Kara Salyangozlarında Anatomik ve Morfolojik Yapı……………………….. 2 1.1.1.Ba ğırlar kesesi……………………………………………………………...... 2 1.1.2.Ba ş ve Ayak………………………………………………………………..... 4 1.1.3. Kabuk……………………………………………………………………….. 5 1.2. Kara Salyangozlarında Üreme Sistemi……………………………………….. 7 1.3. Kara Salyangozlarında Beslenme…………………………………………….. 9 1.4. Hayat Döngüsü………………………………………………………………... 10 1.5. Kara Salyangozlarının Ekolojisi………………………………………...……. 10 1.5.1. İklim Faktörü………………………………………………………………... 11 1.5.2. Salyangozlar ve Tabii Dü şmanları………………………………………….. 13 1.6. Kara Salyangozlarının Ekolojik ve Ekonomik Önemleri………………...…... 16 1.6.1. Ekololojik Önemleri………………………………………………………… 16 1.6.2. Ekonomik Önemleri……………………………………………………….... 17 1.6.2.1. İnsan Tüketimi Açısından Önemleri ……………………………………... 17 1.6.2.2.Parazitolojik Önemleri…………………………………………………….. 19 1.6.2.3. Tarım Bakımından Önemleri:…………………………………………….. 20 1.7. Ülkemizde Kara Salyangozlarının Durumu…………………………………... 21 1.8. Literatür Özeti………………………………………………………………… 21 2. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM………………………………………………..… 27 2.1. Çalı şma Sahası………………………………………………………………... 27 2.1.1. Çalı şma Sahasının Sınırları…………………………………………………. 27 2.1.2. Genel Co ğrafya …………….………………………………………………. 27 i 2.1.3. İklim……………………...…………………………………………………. 28 2.1.4. Bitki Örtüsü…………………………………………………………………. 29 2.2. Materyal………………………………………………………………………. 30 2.3. Yöntem……………………………………………………………………….. 36 2.3.1. Mollusca Türlerinin Toplanması ve Laboratuvarda İncelenmesi…………... 36 3 .ARA ŞTIRMA BULGULARI......……………………..…………………..……. 38 3.1. Genel Taksonomik De ğerlendirme…………………………………........…… 38 3.1.1. Sistematik…………………………………………………………………… 38 3.1.2. Familya Anahtarı……………………………………………………………. 44 3.2. Türlerin İncelenmesi………………………………………………………….. 46 3.2.1. Pomatiidae Familyası ………………………………………………………. 46 3.2.1.1. Pomatias elegans (O. F. MÜLLER, 1774)……………………………….. 46 3.2.1.2. Pomatias rivularis (EICHWALD, 1829) ……………………………….... 47 3.2.2. Cochlicopidae Familyası……………...……………...……………...……… 48 3.2.2.1. Cochlicopa lubrica (O.F. MÜLLER, 1774) ……………...……………… 48 3.2.3. Lauriidae Familyası……………...……………...……………...…………… 50 3.2.3.1. Lauria ( Lauria ) cylindracea (DA COSTA, 1778) ……………...…:..…… 50 3.2.3.2. Euxinolauria superba (HAUSDORF, 1990) ……………...……………... 51 3.2.4. Orculidae Familyası……………...……………...……………...…………... 53 3.2.4.1. Schileykula scypus (L. PFEIFFER, 1848) ……………...……………....... 53 3.2.4.2. Alvariella multiplicata HAUSDORF, 1996……………...……………...... 54 3.2.4.3. Sphyradium doliolum (BRUGUIERE, 1792) ……………...……………. 55 3.2.4.4. Pilorcula trifilaris (MOUSSON, 1856) ……………...……………...…… 57 3.2.5. Valloniidae familyası……………...……………...……………...…………. 58 3.2.5.1. Vallonia costata (O.F. MÜLLER, 1774) ……………...……………......... 58 3.2.5.2. Vallonia enniensis GREDLER, 1856……………...……………................ 59 3.2.5.3. Vallonia pulchella (O.F. MÜLLER, 1774 ) ……………...……………...... 60 3.2.5.4. Acanthinula aculeata (O.F. MÜLLER, 1774) ……………...……………. 61 3.2.6. Pupillidae Familyası……………...……………...……………...…………... 62 3.2.6.1. Pupilla triplicata (STUDER, 1820) ……………...……………..………... 62 3.2.7. Pyramidulidae Familyası……………...……………...……………...……… 63 3.2.7.1. Pyramidula rupestris (DRAPARNAUD, 1801) ……………...………...... 63 ii 3.2.8. Pleurodiscidae Familyası……………...……………...……………...……... 64 3.2.8.1. Pleurodiscus balmei (POTIEZ ve MICHAUD, 1838) ……………...……. 64 3.2.9. Chondrinidae Familyası……………...……………...……………...………. 65 3.2.9.1. Chondrina arcadica (REINHARDT, 1881)……………...……………..... 65 3.2.9.2. Rupestrella rhodia (ROTH, 1839) ……………...……………...………… 66 3.2.10. Vertiginidae Familyası……………...……………...……………...………. 67 3.2.10.1. Truncatellina cylindrica (FÉRUSSAC, 1807) ……………...…………... 67 3.2.11. Enidae Familyası……………...……………...……………...…………….. 68 3.2.11.1. Pseudochondrula seductilis (ROSSMÄSSLER, 1837) ……………........ 70 3.2.11.2. Megalena crassa (RETOWSKI, 1883) ……………..…………………... 72 3.2.11.3. Borlumastus frivaldskyi (L. PFEIFFER, 1847) ……………..……...……. 73 3.2.11.4. Ena nogelii (ROTH, 1850) ……………...……………...……………...... 74 3.2.11. 5. Amphiscopus sturmii (KÜSTER, 1852) ……………...……………....... 75 3.2.11.6. Spaniodonta diodon (RETOWSKI, 1883) ……………...……………..... 76 3.2.11.7. Bollingeria lamellifera (E. A. ROSSMÄSSLER, 1858) …...……........... 77 3.2.11.8. Multidentula ovularis (OLIVIER, 1801) ……………...…………......… 77 3.2.11.9. Multidentula microdon (SCHÜTT, 1995) ……………...…………......... 78 3.2.11.10. Multidentula squalina (E. A. ROSSMÄSSLER, 1848) ……………..… 79 3.2.11.11. Merdigera obscura (O.F. MÜLLER, 1774) …………......……...…….. 80 3.2.11.12. Thoanteus corneus HAUSDORF, 1993………………………………... 81 3.2.11.13. Zebrina detrita (O. F. MÜLLER, 1774)……...……………...………… 82 3.2.11.14. Zebrina dardana (PHILIPPI, 1844)……………………………...…….. 83 3.2.11.15. Zebrina kindermanni (L. PFEIFFER, 1850)………………...…………. 83 3.2.11.16. Chondrus tournefortianus (FÉRUSSAC, 1821)…………...………...… 85 3.2.11.17. Chondrus zebrula (A. FÉRUSSAC, 1821)………………………...…... 85 3.2.11.18. Chondrula microtragus (E. A. ROSSMÄSSLER, 1839) …………..…. 87 3.2.11.19. Eubrephulus orientalis (L. PFEIFFER, 1848) ………...………………. 88 3.2.11.20. ? Mastus ponticus (RETOWSKI, 1887) ……………………………….. 89 3.2.11.21. Mastus etuberculatus (FRAUENFELD, 1867)…………………...……. 90 3.2.11.22. Mastus rossmaessleri (L. PFEIFFER, 1847)……………………......…. 91 3.2.12. Succineidae Familyası…………...…………...…………...…………...…... 91 3.2.12.1. Succinella oblonga (DRAPARNAUD, 1801) …………...……...…......... 92 iii 3.2.12.2. Oxyloma ( Oxyloma ) elegans (RISSO, 1826) …………...…………...…... 92 3.2.13. Ferussacidae Familyası…………...…………...…………...…………........ 93 3.2.13.1. Cecilioides ( Cecilioides ) acicula (O. F. MÜLLER, 1774) …………........ 93 3.2.14. Subulinidae Familyası…………...…………...…………...…………...…... 94 3.2.14.1. Rumina decollata (LINNAEUS, 1758) …………...…….…………......... 94 3.2.15. Patulidae Familyası…………...…………...…………...…………...……... 96 3.2.15.1. Discus ( Gonyodiscus ) rotundatus (O.F. MÜLLER, 1774) …………........ 96 3.2.16. Vitrinidae Familyası…………...…………...…………...…………...……. 96 3.2.16.1. Vitrina pellucida (O.F.MÜLLER, 1774) …………...…………...………. 97 3.2.16.2. Gallandia annularis (STUDER, 1820) …………...…………...……….... 97 3.2.17. Pristilomatidae Familyası…………...…………...…………...…………..... 98 3.2.17.1. Vitrea ilgazdaglariensis NEUBERT ve RIEDEL, 1993…………...……. 99 3.2.17.2. Vitrea riedeli DAMJANOV ve PINTER, 1969…………...…...……....... 99 3.2.17.3. Vitrea sorella (MOUSSON, 1863) …………...………...………..…....... 100 3.2.18. Oxychilidae Familyası…………...…………...…………...…………......... 101 3.2.18.1. Carpathica (?) amisena (FORCART, 1950) …………...……….....…… 102 3.2.18.2. Oxychilus ( Longiphallus ) deilus (J. R. BOURGUIGNAT, 1857) ……… 102 3.2.18.3. Oxychilus (Schistophallus) kobelti (LINDHOLM, 1910) …………........ 104 3.2.18.4. Oxychilus ( Hiramia ) camelinus (J. R. BOURGUIGNAT, 1852) ……… 105 3.2.18.5. Oxychilus ( Hiramia ) paphlagonicus RIEDEL, 1993…………...……….. 105 3.2.19. Milacidae Familyası…………...…………...…………...…………............ 106 3.2.19.1. Milax gagates (DRAPARNAUD,1801) …………................................... 106 3.2.19.2. Tandonia cristata (KALENICZENKO,1851) …………...…………........ 107 3.2.19.3.Tandonia budapestensis (HAZAY, 1881) …………...………….............. 108 3.2.20. Limacidae Familyası…………...…………...…………...…………...……. 109 3.2.20.1. Limax ( Limacus ) flavus LINNAEUS, 1758…………...…………....……. 109 3.2.20.2. Limax ( Limacus ) maculatus (KALENICZENKO, 1851) …………......... 110 3.2.21. Agriolimacidae Familyası…………...…………...…………...………….... 111 3.2.21.1. Deroceras ( Deroceras ) berytensis (BOURGUIGNAT, 1852) ………..... 112 3.2.21.2. Deroceras ( Deroceras ) reticulatum (O.F.