Black Carbon Measurement Methods and Emission Factors from Ships December 2016 Prepared for: International Council on Clean Transportation: Dr. Dan Rutherford, Program Director and Dr. Bryan Comer, Researcher 1225 Eye St. NW, Suite 900 Washington, DC 20005 +1 (202) 407-8345 Report Prepared by: University of California, Riverside: Dr. Kent Johnson, Dr. Wayne Miller, Dr. Tom Durbin, Yu (Jade) Jiang, Jiacheng (Joey) Yang, Dr. George Karavalakis, and Dr. David Cocker Task 1 Contributions University of California, Riverside Emmanuel Fofi, Dr. Heejung Jung, Yue Lin, Dr. Akua Asa-Awuku, and Dr. Roya Bahreini National Research Council Canada: Dr. Kevin Thomson, Dr. Stéphanie Gagné Environment and Climate Change Canada: Dr. Tak Chan Sun Set Laboratories: Dr. Bob Cary Minnesota State University, Dr. Jacob Swanson Inventory Section Contribution Easter Research Group Dr. John Koupal Acknowledgement Research team for the Task 1 Marine Black Carbon ICCT Project Equipment in-kind loans Task 1 o HTDMA AVL Filter Smoke Number (FSN) Task 1-3 o MAAP SunSet Labs SemiCont EC/OC California Air Resources Board EEPS South Coast Air Quality Management NTK-Sparkplugs Stack OBD NOX /PM/PN District (SC-AQMD) Aethalometer Sensor National Resource Canada o Two (2) LIIs Contractors o RAMAN, Dr. Gavin McMeeking, Handix Scientific, LLC o TEM analysis Environment and Climate Change Faculty, Technical Support, and Graduate Canada Students o LII Dr. Kelley Barsanti, Lindsay Hatch o Rotating disk dilutor Don Pacocha, Eddie O’Neil, Mark Villa, o CPC David Buote (E.C.), Danny Gomez, Rachael UC Riverside Hirst, and Lauren Aycock o GC by GC Paul Van Rooy, Justin Hernandez Dingle, o AMS and Eric Peng o SMPS o CPC o PAX 375 nm 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................ 2 Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. 1 List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ 5 List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... 7 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... 8 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 15 2 Background ................................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Policy context ................................................................................................................................ 16 2.1.1 Defining marine BC ................................................................................................................. 16 2.1.2 Measuring marine BC ............................................................................................................. 16 2.1.3 Control Measures for Marine BC Emissions ........................................................................... 17 2.2 Black carbon measurement methods ........................................................................................... 17 2.3 Marine vessel black carbon emissions .......................................................................................... 19 2.4 Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 20 2.5 Organization of the Report ............................................................................................................ 20 3 Task 1 Engine Test Stand ................................................................................................ 21 3.1 Research approach ........................................................................................................................ 21 3.1.1 Test article .............................................................................................................................. 21 3.1.1.1 Test engine ...................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.1.2 Test fuel ........................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.1.3 Test matrix ....................................................................................................................... 23 3.1.2 Sample conditioning ............................................................................................................... 24 3.1.2.1 Catalytic stripper ............................................................................................................. 24 3.1.2.2 Sulfur adsorber ................................................................................................................ 25 3.1.2.3 CS Operation.................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.2.4 BC particle line losses ...................................................................................................... 27 3.1.2.5 Dilution Ratio ................................................................................................................... 29 3.1.3 Measurements ....................................................................................................................... 29 3.1.3.1 Instruments ..................................................................................................................... 29 3.1.3.2 Layout .............................................................................................................................. 30 3.1.3.3 Instrument/method descriptions .................................................................................... 32 3.1.3.4 BC and PM calibration ..................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 36 1 3.2.1 Regulated emissions (g/kWh) ................................................................................................. 36 3.2.1.1 Gaseous ........................................................................................................................... 36 3.2.1.2 PM2.5 ................................................................................................................................ 37 3.2.2 BC emission factors (g/kWh) .................................................................................................. 40 3.2.2.1 Raw sampling effects –no conditioning .......................................................................... 40 3.2.2.2 Raw sampling effects – with conditioning ...................................................................... 41 3.2.2.3 Dilution effects = 14 to 1 ................................................................................................. 42 3.2.2.4 Dilution effects = 1400 to 1 ............................................................................................. 44 3.2.3 BC instrument correlations .................................................................................................... 45 3.2.3.1 No calibration .................................................................................................................. 45 3.2.3.2 Post-hoc Calibration ........................................................................................................ 48 3.2.4 Particulate emissions .............................................................................................................. 51 3.2.4.1 TEM.................................................................................................................................. 51 3.2.4.2 Hygroscopicity ................................................................................................................. 53 3.2.4.3 CPC................................................................................................................................... 54 3.2.4.4 PSD .................................................................................................................................. 55 3.3 Recommendations for On-Board Testing ...................................................................................... 57 3.3.1 Recommended instruments ................................................................................................... 57 4 Task 2 At-Sea: Modern Engine and VSR .......................................................................... 61 4.1 Approach ....................................................................................................................................... 61 4.1.1 Test article .............................................................................................................................. 61 4.1.1.1 Ocean going vessel .......................................................................................................... 61 4.1.1.2 Engine .............................................................................................................................. 61 4.1.1.3 Maintenance records .....................................................................................................