Instructor’s Manual to accompany Jones • Wood • Borstelmann • May • Ruiz CREATED EQUAL Second Edition Volume I: Nancy Zens Central Oregon Community College Volume II: Yvonne Johnson Central Missouri State University New York Boston San Francisco London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid Mexico City Munich Paris Cape Town Hong Kong Montreal This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials. Instructor’s Manual to accompany Created Equal, 2/e Copyright ©2006 Pearson Education All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Instructors may reproduce portions of this book for classroom use only. All other reproductions are strictly prohibited without prior permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. ISBN: 0-321-33310-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-OPM-08 07 06 05 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 First Founders 1 CHAPTER 2 Eastern European Footholds on the Fringes of North America, 7 1600-1660 CHAPTER 3 Controlling the Edges of the Continent, 1660-1715 13 CHAPTER 4 African Enslavement: The Terrible Transformation 19 CHAPTER 5 An American Babel, 1713-1763 25 CHAPTER 6 The Limits of Imperial Control, 1763-1775 31 CHAPTER 7 Revolutions at War, 1775-1783 38 CHAPTER 8 New Beginnings, The 1780s 44 CHAPTER 9 Revolutionary Legacies, 1789-1803 49 CHAPTER 10 Defending and Expanding the New Nation, 1803-1818 55 CHAPTER 11 Moving Westward: Society and Politics in the “Age of the 61 Common Man,” 1819-1832 CHAPTER 12 Peoples in Motion, 1832-1848 66 CHAPTER 13 The Crisis Over Slavery, 1848-1860 72 CHAPTER 14 To Fight to Gain a Country 78 CHAPTER 15 In the Wake of War: Consolidating a Triumphant Union, 1865- 86 1877 CHAPTER 16 Standardizing the Nation: Innovations in Technology, Business, 92 and Culture, 1877-1890 CHAPTER 17 Challenges in Government and Corporate Power: Resistance and 101 Reform, 1877-1900 CHAPTER 18 Political and Cultural Conflict in a Decade of Depression and 110 War, The 1890s CHAPTER 19 The Promise and Perils of Progressive Reform, 1900-1912 119 CHAPTER 20 War and Revolution, 1912-1920 127 CHAPTER 21 The Promise of Consumer Culture: The 1920s 138 CHAPTER 22 Hardship and Hope in the 1930s: The Great Depression 148 CHAPTER 23 Global Conflict: World War II, 1937-1945 161 CHAPTER 24 Cold War and Hot War, 1945-1953 170 CHAPTER 25 Domestic Dreams and Atomic Nightmares, 1953-1963 180 CHAPTER 26 The Nation Divides: The Vietnam War and Social Conflict, 1964- 189 1971 CHAPTER 27 Reconsidering National Priorities, 1972-1979 199 CHAPTER 28 The Cold War Returns—and Ends, 1979-1991 207 CHAPTER 29 Post-Cold War America, 1991-2000 215 CHAPTER 30 A Global Nation for the New Millennium 225 CHAPTER 1 First Founders Chapter Outline: I. Ancient America The question of where native peoples originated and how North America became populated with such diverse tribes, has intrigued people for centuries. Some early European settlers were certain the Indians were Asian Indians, others categorized Indians as members of the Lost Tribes of Israel or Phoenicians. Native peoples have their own stories about their ancient past. New scientific discoveries in geology, archeology, anthropology, linguistics and DNA matching identify their origins as Asian. It is reasonable to expect continuing information from these sources to fill out the story of ancient America in the future. The appearance and disappearance of a land bridge between Northeastern Asia and Alaska provided one route to North America, land exposed by glacial melt opened other areas, and ocean travel was probably another route. As glacial melt provided access to rich hunting lands southward, hunters followed the herds and eventually spread eastward to the Atlantic and southward into South America. Climatic changes, hunting, and other conditions combined to cause the disappearance of over 100 animal species like the mastodon and mammoth. Hunters adapted to the situation by hunting bison and smaller mammals. Adaption to existing conditions resulted in diverse cultures closely tied to their physical surroundings. Various wild plants like sunflowers, goosefoot, and manioc were skillfully managed to provide larger yields. While hunting and gathering activities that required seasonal travel would remain the practice of some tribes, others created permanent villages and developed tribal agricultural lands. Beans, corn, and squash would eventually become such important food crops among agricultural native people that they would be called the “three sisters.” II. A Thousand Years of Change: A.D. 500-1500 With surplus corn providing a staple food source, complex governments and religious systems became the basis for major city complexes tied together by alliances and trade networks. The impressive city-states of the Olmec and Toltec of Mesoamerica were precursors of the Aztecs, while the Mississippi River Poverty Point culture predated the city of Cahokia along the Mississippi River near present-day St. Louis. Similarities suggest some type of connection between these civilizations, though this is one of many puzzles facing future scholars that undiscovered ruins or new scientific research applied to existing sites or materials may answer. The Aztec migrated from the north to central Mexico in the twelfth century and built an impressive empire through war and trade. Deeply religious, their lives were in the hands of gods who required human sacrifice to have the strength to protect the people. Wars of conquest and ceremonial wars between major cities within the empire provided the necessary sacrificial victims. 1 In the Southwest, three clearly identifiable cultures depended on the cultivation of maize. Cities, trade networks, and complex religious calendars were common features of the Mogollon, the Hohokam, and the Anasazi. Scholars assume that long periods of drought, and possibly increased warfare, led to the dispersal of these peoples. Although scholars continue to search for answers to the Southwestern peoples who “disappeared,” oral histories of local pueblos have long identified kinship connections to ancient cities. The Mississippian cultures built major cities with dense populations that lived in well organized neighborhoods around huge centrally located plazas that contained strategically placed political and religious buildings built on top of massive earth- mounds. Smaller villages built along local river systems provided food and other supplies to the city. Cahokia emerged as a leading trade center for the entire northern region after AD 1050. After this major city declined in the 1400s, the small agricultural villages continued to flourish in the region. III. Linking the Continents Recent archeological finds now demonstrate that Vikings settled for a short time in Canada around AD 1000. Maritime contact with people from Africa, Ireland, Polynesia, China, or Japan may also have occurred, but such contact remains to be proven. Continuous contact with the Eastern Hemisphere began in the fifteenth century. European activity in the race for territory and riches pitted Portugal against Spain to be the first to reach India or China by sea. The powerful Portugese navy and merchant marine searched south along the African coast, garnering a wealth of gold, spices, and slaves during the quest. The Spanish Crown, having finally regained control of its country from the Moors in 1492, sponsored its voyages sailing west to reach the wealth of Asia. Columbus reached the Caribbean in 1492 and triumphantly claimed San Salvador as Cimpangu (Japan) for the Spanish Crown. Sailing further, he encountered other lands that he labeled as India. Spanish exploration and settlement proceeded slowly, while other European powers continued the search for China. IV. Spain Enters the Americas Within a generation of Spanish settlement in the West Indies, the Taino and Carib Indian populations had been decimated by European diseases, severe food shortages, and the conditions of enslavement. Shocked Dominican friars labeled Spanish exploitation as sinful and argued that these Indians had souls and must be converted. Bartholome de Las Casas went so far as to recommend that blacks from Africa be imported as slaves since they had no souls. The debate about whether black Africans were human would continue among Catholics and Protestants throughout the next century. The question of continued Spanish presence in New Spain was conclusively answered with the discovery and conquest of the Aztec Empire of central Mexico by Hernan Cortes. In command of 600 adventurers, Cortes coordinated the activities of disgruntled coastal natives. He kidnapped the Aztec diplomatic mission, which included the emperor 2 Monteczuma and gained access to the capitol, Tenotitchlan. Conquest was not easy, and combined the epidemic ravages of smallpox and ferocious door-to-door fighting to gain control of the island capitol. Gold poured into the Spanish treasury from Aztec mines. The Pizzaro brothers, also aided by smallpox and division within the Incan Empire, conquered that Peruvian Empire, and the Spanish royal treasury became even healthier. In 1537, Hernando DeSoto received authority to conquer Florida. With a 600-man expeditionary force, he searched portions of Florida, South Carolina, and Alabama for riches. Indian hospitality turned to resistance or withdrawal as DeSoto’s men looted granaries, dug up graves searching for gold and pearls, tortured hostages for information about wealth, and coerced men and women to be personal servants or luggage bearers. Having crossed the Mississippi, a disappointed DeSoto died of fever without finding the treasure he sought.