Table of Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 10 1.1 The author ............................................................................................ 10 1.2 Acknowledgements .............................................................................. 10 1.3 Purpose and background of report ....................................................... 10 1.4 Limitations of source data .................................................................... 11 1.5 Overview of Māori in the inquiry district ............................................ 13 1.6 Structure of report ................................................................................ 14 2 Methodology ................................................................................................ 17 2.1 Statistical data collection and categorisation employed for this report 17 2.2 Population groups and ethnicity data used in this report ..................... 24 2.3 Choice of socio-demographic variables for this report ........................ 30 3 The Māori Population of the East Coast Census Area ................................. 32 3.1 East Coast census area populations, 1991-2006 ................................... 32 3.2 Ethnic composition ............................................................................... 38 3.3 Age structure ........................................................................................ 41 3.4 Iwi affiliation ........................................................................................ 46 3.5 Deprivation ........................................................................................... 49 3.6 Summary .............................................................................................. 54 4 Educational Participation and Achievement ................................................ 56 4.1 Early childhood education .................................................................... 56 4.2 Schooling .............................................................................................. 61 4.3 Decile ratings ........................................................................................ 63 2 4.4 Tertiary study ........................................................................................ 66 4.5 Te reo Māori ......................................................................................... 71 4.6 Summary .............................................................................................. 76 5 Employment Status, Occupation, and Industry ............................................ 80 5.1 Employment status ............................................................................... 80 5.2 Occupation ........................................................................................... 89 5.3 Industry ................................................................................................. 94 5.4 Summary .............................................................................................. 98 6 Personal and Household Income ................................................................ 100 6.1 Personal income ................................................................................. 100 6.2 Household income .............................................................................. 105 6.3 Sources of income .............................................................................. 108 6.4 Summary ............................................................................................ 111 7 Housing and Household Access to Telecommunications ........................... 113 7.1 Household ownership ......................................................................... 113 7.2 Household crowding .......................................................................... 121 7.3 Access to telecommunications ........................................................... 128 7.4 Motor vehicle access .......................................................................... 133 7.5 Summary ............................................................................................ 135 8 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 137 Appendix One: Additional Tables, Graphs, and Maps ....................................... 142 Appendix Two: Direction Commissioning Research ......................................... 154 Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 156 3 List of Tables Table 1: Pākehā, Māori, and total populations in the East Coast, 1991-2006 ...... 35 Table 2: Projected populations for the East Coast, 2006-2031 ............................ 38 Table 3: Māori population age structure in the rural, urban, and total East Coast, the Gisborne district, and New Zealand, and the total population in New Zealand, 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006 ........................................................... 44 Table 4: Iwi affiliation in the East Coast, 2006 .................................................... 48 Table 5: New Zealand Deprivation Index scores for the East Coast, 2001-2006 52 Table 6: Prior participation of Year 1 students in early childhood education in the rural East Coast, 2008 .................................................................................. 59 Table 7: Prior participation of Year 1 students in early childhood education in the urban East Coast, 2008 ................................................................................. 60 Table 8: Highest attainment of school leavers by ethnic group, 2006-2007 ........ 61 Table 9: Highest qualification for Pākehā and Māori aged over 15 years in the East Coast, 2006 ........................................................................................... 70 Table 10: Percentage of population who are speakers of te reo Māori in the East Coast, the Gisborne district, and New Zealand, 2006 .................................. 73 Table 11: Percentage of population by age group who are speakers of te reo Māori in the East Coast, the Gisborne district, and New Zealand, 2006 ..... 74 Table 12: Language spoken by Māori in the East Coast, the Gisborne district, and New Zealand, 2001 ...................................................................................... 75 Table 13: Unemployment rates for Pākehā and Māori in the East Coast, 2006 ... 84 Table 14: Work and labour force status of Pākehā and Māori in the East Coast, 2006 .............................................................................................................. 86 Table 15: Employment status of Pākehā and Māori in the East Coast, the Gisborne district, and New Zealand, 2006 ................................................... 87 Table 16: Percentage without qualifications and unemployment rates for Pākehā and Māori in the East Coast, the Gisborne district, and New Zealand, 2006 ...................................................................................................................... 88 4 Table 17: Percentage distribution of employed population aged 15-64 years for New Zealand, by occupation and ethnicity, 1986 and 2001 ......................... 89 Table 18: Unemployment rates, occupations, and median incomes of residents in the East Coast, the Gisborne district, and New Zealand, 2006 .................. 102 Table 19: Personal incomes of Pākehā and Māori in the rural and urban East Coast, the Gisborne district, and New Zealand, 2006 ................................ 103 Table 20: Age standardised percentages of households owned, by ethnicity and region, 1986 and 2001 ................................................................................ 115 Table 21: Percentage of Pākehā and Māori in the East Coast who own or partly own dwelling by usual residents, 2001 ...................................................... 118 Table 22: Equivalised Crowding Index scores for the Gisborne district and New Zealand, 2001 ............................................................................................. 126 Table 23: Percentage of New Zealand population with telephone and internet access in the home, 2001 and 2006 ............................................................ 129 Table 24: Household access to telecommunication systems in the East Coast, the Gisborne district, and New Zealand, 2006 ................................................. 131 Table 25: Māori household access to telecommunication systems in the East Coast, the Gisborne district, and New Zealand, 2001 ................................ 133 Table 26: Summary of selected socio-demographic variables for the East Coast, the Gisborne district, and New Zealand, 2006 ........................................... 137 Table 27: Population number and percentage by ethnicity for the Gisborne district and New Zealand, 1991-2006 .................................................................... 142 Table 28: Māori population age structure – number and percentages, in the rural East Coast, 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006 ..................................................... 144 Table 29: Māori population age structure – number and percentages, in the urban East Coast, 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006 ..................................................... 145 Table 30: Number of Pākehā and Māori children aged 0-4 years in the East Coast, and the Gisborne District, 2006 .................................................................