Bankoff & Swart Ships of empire carried not just merchandise, soldiers and administrators but also equine genes from as far afield as Europe, Arabia, the Americas, China and Japan. In the process, they introduced horses into parts of the world not native to that animal in historical times. As a result, horses in Thailand, the Philippine Horses, the Cape Horse in South Africa and the Basotho Pony in the mountain kingdom of Lesotho share a genetic lineage with the horse found in the Indonesian archipelago. This book explores the ‘invention’ of specific breeds of horse in the context of imperial design and colonial trade routes. Here, it focuses on the introduction, BREEDS OF EMPIRE invention and use of the horse in Thailand, the Philippines and southern Africa as well as examining its roots and evolution within Indonesia. In addition, it examines the colonial trade in horses within the Indian Ocean and discusses the historiographical and methodological problems associated with writing a more species- or horse- centric history. This is a fascinating study that will appeal not only to scholars but also to the broad horse-reading public interested in all things equine. BREEDS OF EMPIRE The ‘Invention’ of the Horse in Southeast Asia and Southern Africa 1500–1950 greg bankoff and sandra swart www.niaspress.dk with Peter Boomgaard, William Clarence-Smith, Bernice de Jong Boers and Dhiravat na Pombejra Bankoff_pbk-cover.indd 1 21/6/07 12:42:42 Breeds of Empire BBankoffankoff bbook.indbook.indb i 222/6/072/6/07 112:48:502:48:50 NORDIC INSTITUTE OF ASIAN STUDIES NIAS Studies in Asian Topics 16 Leadership on Java Hans Antlöv and Sven Cederroth (eds) 17 Vietnam in a Changing World Irene Nørlund, Carolyn Gates and Vu Cao Dam (eds) 18 Asian Perceptions of Nature Ole Bruun and Arne Kalland (eds) 19 Imperial Policy and Southeast Asian Nationalism Hans Antlöv and Stein Tønnesson (eds) 20 The Village Concept in the Transformation of Rural Southeast Asia Mason C Hoadley and Christer Gunnarsson (eds) 21 Identity in Asian Literature Lisbeth Littrup (ed.) 22 Mongolia in Transition Ole Bruun and Ole Odgaard (eds) 23 Asian Forms of the Nation Stein Tønnesson and Hans Antlöv (eds) 24 The Eternal Storyteller Vibeke Børdahl (ed.) 25 Japanese Infl uences and Presences in Asia Marie Söderberg and Ian Reader (eds) 26 Muslim Diversity Leif Manger (ed.) 27 Women and Households in Indonesia Juliette Koning, Marleen Nolten, Janet Rodenburg and Ratna Saptari (eds) 28 The House in Southeast Asia Stephen Sparkes and Signe Howell (eds) 29 Rethinking Development in East Asia Pietro P. Masina (ed.) 30 Coming of Age in South and Southeast Asia Lenore Manderson and Pranee Liamputtong (eds) 31 Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895–1945 Li Narangoa and Robert Cribb (eds) 32 Contesting Visions of the Lao Past Christopher Goscha and Søren Ivarsson (eds) 33 Reaching for the Dream Melanie Beresford and Tran Ngoc Angie (eds) 34 Mongols from Country to City Ole Bruun and Li Naragoa (eds) 35 Four Masters of Chinese Storytelling Vibeke Børdahl, Fei Li and Huang Ying (eds) 36 The Power of Ideas Claudia Derichs and Thomas Heberer (eds) 37 Beyond the Green Myth Peter Sercombe and Bernard Sellato (eds) 38 Kinship and Food in South-East Asia Monica Janowski and Fiona Kerlogue (eds) 39 Exploring Ethnic Diversity in Burma Mikael Gravers (ed.) 40 Politics, Culture and Self: East Asian and North European Attitudes Geir Helgesen and Søren Risbjerg Thomsen (eds) 41 Beyond Chinatown Mette Thunø (ed.) 42 Breeds of Empire: The ‘Invention’ of the Horse in Southeast Asia and Southern Africa 1500–1950 Greg Bankoff and Sandra Swart BBankoffankoff bbook.indbook.indb iiii 222/6/072/6/07 112:48:522:48:52 Breeds of Empire The ‘Invention’ of the Horse in Southeast Asia and Southern Africa 1500–1950 Greg Bankoff and Sandra Swart with Peter Boomgaard, William Clarence-Smith, Bernice de Jong Boers and Dhiravat na Pombejra BBankoffankoff bbook.indbook.indb iiiiii 222/6/072/6/07 112:48:522:48:52 Breeds of Empire: The ‘Invention’ of the Horse in Southeast Asia and Southern Africa 1500–1950 By Greg Bankoff and Sandra Swart, with Peter Boomgaard, William Clarence-Smith, Bernice de Jong Boers and Dhiravat na Pombejra NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Studies in Asian Topics, no. 42 First published in 2007 by NIAS Press Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS) Leifsgade 33, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Online: http://www.niaspress.dk/ © Greg Bankoff and Sandra Swart 2007 While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in the principal authors, copyright in the individual chapters belongs to their authors. No chapter may be reproduced in whole or in part without the express permission of the pub- lisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Bankoff, Greg Breeds of empire : the ‘invention’ of the horse in Southeast Asia and Southern Africa, 1500-1950. - (NIAS studies in Asian topics ; 42) 1. Horses - Thailand - History 2. Horses - Philippines - History 3. Horses - Africa, Southern - History 4. Horses - Indonesia - History 5. Horses - Breeding - History 6. Southeast Asia - Economic conditions 7. Southeast Asia - Foreign economic relations 8. Africa, Southern - Economic conditions 9. Africa, Southern - Foreign economic relations I. Title II. Swart, Sandra 636.1’00959 ISBN: 978-87-7694-014-0 (hardback) ISBN: 978-87-7694-021-8 (paperback) ISSN: 0142-6028 Typesetting by Donald B. Wagner Produced by SRM Production Services Sdn Bhd and printed in Malaysia BBankoffankoff bbook.indbook.indb iviv 222/6/072/6/07 112:48:522:48:52 Contents Contributors vii 1 Breeds of Empire and the ‘Invention’ of the Horse 1 Greg Bankoff and Sandra Swart Part One 2 Southeast Asia and Southern Africa in the Maritime Horse Trade of the Indian Ocean, c. 1800–1914 21 William Gervase Clarence-Smith 3 Horse Breeding, Long-distance Horse Trading and Royal Courts in Indonesian History, 1500–1900 33 Peter Boomgaard 4 The ‘Arab’ of the Indonesian Archipelago: Famed Horse Breeds of Sumbawa 51 Bernice de Jong Boers 5 Javanese Horses for the Court of Ayutthaya 65 Dhiravat na Pombejra Part Two 6 Colonising New Lands: Horses in the Philippines 85 Greg Bankoff 7 Adapting to a New Environment: The Philippine Horse 105 Greg Bankoff 8 Riding High – Horses, Power and Settler Society in Southern Africa, c. 1654–1840 123 Sandra Swart 9 The ‘Ox That Deceives’: The Meanings of the ‘Basotho Pony’ in Southern Africa 141 Sandra Swart Epilogue 10 ‘Together yet Apart’: Towards a Horse-story 153 Greg Bankoff and Sandra Swart Notes 155 Bibliography 219 Index 249 v BBankoffankoff bbook.indbook.indb v 222/6/072/6/07 112:48:532:48:53 vi Breeds of Empire Maps 3.1 Horse Breeding and Trade in Indonesian History. 49 4.1 The Island of Sumbawa 52 4.2 The Indonesian Archipelago 53 5.1 Ayutthaya and Java 66 5.2 Siam 67 6.1 The Philippines 88 9.1 Southern Africa 142 Figures 6.1 Variations in Equine Population on Luzon, 1886–1918 96 7.1 Comparison of Equine Height to Numbers, Philippines, 1935 106 8.1 Growth of the Horse Population in the Cape, 1652–1702 130 8.2 A View of Lord Charles Somerset 138 9.1 Photograph from the Remount Commission, Basotho Pony, c. 1902 146 Tables 2.1 Horse Exports from Southern Africa to all Destinations, 1827–1918 25 2.2 Mauritian Imports of Equids 1833–1913 27 2.3 Horse Exports from the Lesser Sunda Islands, 1880–1918 30 3.1 Number of Horses per 1,000 People, Java, 1820–1900 44 6.1 Number of Conveyances Registered in Various Provinces, Philippines, 1889 87 6.2 Horses Employed by Activity, Philippines, 1889 90 6.3 Equine Population Changes, Philippines, 1886–1903 93 6.4 Causes of Mortality Among Equine Populations by Region, Philippines, 1918 99 6.5 Domesticated Equine Population Densities per Square Kilometre, Philippines, 1886 101 Front Cover Lace. Photographer Graham Walker. Three horse riders in ceremonial clothing on the occasion of the wedding between the Sultan of Sumbawa and the daughter of the Sultan of Bima. Photographer/Copyright Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV), Leiden, no. 29.508. Date: 1931. Back Cover Miss Anna Ide, mounted, Baguio, Benguet. Photographer/Copyright Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Dean C. Worcester Photographic Collection, 1890-1913, no. 58M064. Date: 1904. BBankoffankoff bbook.indbook.indb vivi 222/6/072/6/07 112:48:532:48:53 Contributors Greg Bankoff is a social and environmental historian of Southeast Asia and the Pacific. In particular, he writes on environmental–society interactions with respect to natural hazards, resources, human–animal relations, and issues of social equity and labour. He is professor of modern history in the Department of History, University of Hull. Among his publications are Crime, Society and the State in the Nineteenth Century Philippines (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1996) and Cultures of Disaster: Society and Natural Hazard in the Philippines (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). He is also co-editor of Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People (with Georg Frerks and Dorothea Hilhorst, London: Earthscan, 2004). Peter Boomgaard was trained as an economic and social historian and obtained his PhD from the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, in 1987. He is Senior Researcher at the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV), Leiden, and Professor of Environmental His tory of Southeast Asia at the University of Amsterdam. Among his publi- cations are Children of the Colonial State: Population Growth and Economic Develop ment in Java, 1795–1880 (Amsterdam: Free University Press, 1989), Frontiers of Fear: Tigers and People in the Malay World, 1600–1950 (New Haven/London : Yale University Press, 2001), and Southeast Asia: An En viron- mental History (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2007).