BUILDING RESILIENT SOCIETIES FORGING GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS. Edited by Susan Sim International Crime Prevention Conference 2011 BUILDING RESILIENT SOCIETIES. FORGING GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS. ESSAYS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION CONFERENCE 2011 ORGANISED BY THE NATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION COUNCIL 14 – 17 November 2011 Singapore International Crime Prevention Conference 2011 Edited by Susan Sim Chairman, Research Committee National Crime Prevention Council Design By SCORE Digital Media Published in Singapore as an ebook by National Crime Prevention Council Police Headquarters Level 4 New Phoenix Park Tower P 28 Irrawaddy Road Singapore 329560 Website: www.ncpc.gov.sg Email: [email protected] Facebook: www.facebook.com/national.crime.prevention.council © 2012 National Crime Prevention Council for selection and editorial matter; individual contributors for their contributions Editor: Susan Sim Designer: SCORE Digital Media The responsibility for facts and opinions in this publication rests exclusively with the contributing authors and their views do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of the publisher or its supporters. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Any unauthorised reprint or use of this material is prohibited. No part of this e-book may be reproduced without express written permission from the author and/or publisher. This publication may be downloaded free-of-charge from the NCPC website and Facebook page. The approved text of these pronouncements is published in the English language. ISBN: 978-981-07-3171-7 CONTENTS Foreword by 2nd Minister for Home Affairs S. Iswaran Preface from Chairman, National Crime Prevention Council, Tan Kian Hoon Notes on Contributors 1. Introduction Susan Sim. .17 Policing Global Threats 2. The Importance of a Global Strategy in Crime Prevention Khoo Boon Hui. .24 3. The Interpol Global Complex: Paving the Way for Future Policing Ronald Noble. .28 4. The Evolution of International Terrorism: From the Black Banners to the Arab Spring Ali Soufan . .32 5. The Scale of Cybercrime & How We can Fight It Adam Palmer. .40 Building Resilient Communities 6. The Resilience - Security Nexus : The Case of Singapore Bilveer Singh. 52 7. Crime, Terrorism and Police Legitimacy : The UK Experience Ian Blair. 62 8. Bystander Intervention and Fear of Crime in Grassroots Crime Prevention in China Lena Zhong. .71 9. The Changing Nature of Communities and Implications for Community Policing in Japan Taisuke Kanayama. .76 10. The Importance of Community Policing in Troubled Times Stephen White. 89 The Singapore Story 11. Singapore’s 30-year Experience with Community Policing Ng Joo Hee. 108 12. Towards a Safer and More Resilient Community: The Singapore Grassroots Experience Chia Tze Yee. 122 13. Cyberonia: Teaching School Children to Protect Themselves Online Lum Hon Fye . 128 Using “Old” and New Media 14. Deterring Organised Crime: Why Writing Letters Work Paul Evans. 135 15. Disrupting the Economics of Child Exploitation on the Internet Bindu Sharma . 140 16. Crime Prevention, Social Networking and Covert Operations Nick O’Brien & Mick Keelty. 149 Special Focus: Tackling Youth Crime 17. Dealing with Youth Gangs: Getting the Fundamentals Right Masagos Zulkifli. 161 18. Risk and Protective Factors in Youth Offending: What Crime Prevention Practitioners Should Know Carolyn Misir, Majeed Khader, Jansen Ang, Leung Hoi Ting & Nur Izyan . 168 19. Youths at Risk: A Needs-Led Assessment Approach to Interventions Louise Almond. 179 20. Youth Rehabilitation in Singapore: A Review of Principles, Policies and Practices Nancy Ng & Ng Kok Hoe. 184 Acknowledgements FOREWORD S Iswaran Minister in Prime Minister's Office and Second Minister for Home Affairs and Trade & Industry THE NATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION COUNCIL: 30 YEARS OF HARD WORK AND DEDICATION This year marks the National Crime Preven- tion Council’s 30th anniversary.1 It is a non-profit organisation that works with the Singapore Police Force to raise public awareness of crime. I con- gratulate the Council on its excellent work in mobilising the support of the business sector, schools and local communities to work with the Police to prevent crime. One of its most success- ful initiatives is the popular television programme Crime Watch, which has been enjoying high view- Minister S Iswaran (right) with NCPC Council Vice-Chairman ership since 1986 when it was first broadcast. Eric Low I am encouraged by the NCPC’s continuing efforts to make Singapore safe, and look forward to the Council’s continued partnership in the years to come. 1 This Foreword is adapted from Mr S Iswaran’s keynote address at the opening of the International Crime Pre- vention Conference 2011 on 15 November 2011. The original text can be found at http://www.mha.gov.sg/news_details. aspx?nid=MjE5MA%3D%3D- 6Yh7rCEvz%2F4%3D 6 Foreword BUILDING RESILIENT SOCIETIES, The NCPC is a key in this strategy. Working through NCPC’s dedicated volunteers, the Police FORGING GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS is better able to reach out to the community, and The theme for the International Crime Prevention encourage every individual to do his or her part Conference 2011 - “Building Resilient Societies. to reduce the possibility of crime occurring. Forging Global Partnerships” - succinctly cap- Besides engaging the public, the Police also tures the central tenets that underpin our policing works with the business sector through the strategy – community and global partnerships. Safety and Security Watch Groups to formu- Singapore is one of the safest cities in the world late initiatives and strategies that can better help with a low crime rate of 653 per 100,000 of pop- industries and the public prevent and fight crime. ulation in 2010. The Police Force was able to For example, information on crime trends and the achieve this commendable result with a lean description of suspects, if any, are shared within police to population ratio of 259 per 100,000 business groups to prevent others from falling of population. prey. Such Police-community partnerships are crucial to the efficacy of our policing efforts. This did not happen by chance. It is the result of the strong partnerships forged over the years with the local population and overseas counter- FORGING GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS parts. The close trust and understanding built The Police also values the strong partnership and up has translated into enhanced crime-fighting cooperation it has with the international community. capabilities. Last year, 4 out of 10 crime cases in Singapore were solved with the assistance of With economies becoming more closely linked, members of the public. crime has taken on a transnational character. Many activities such as human trafficking, drug trafficking, money laundering, cybercrime and COMMUNITY POLICING terrorism-related activities are no longer confined We must seek ways to consolidate and build within national boundaries. upon these outcomes. The Singapore Police It is, therefore, important for countries to respond Force is currently developing its Next-Genera- in unison, with purpose and conviction, to effec- tion Frontline Policing Model. The new model tively curb the growth of transnational criminal will enhance the way in which the Police Force groups. Exchanging intelligence, establishing works in, with and through the community. These a comprehensive legal system, forging bilat- changes will allow the Police to better fight com- eral agreements and forming networks to create plex crimes, and raise its crime-fighting abilities effective solutions are indispensable to fighting to the next level. Policing strategies must evolve crime today. in tandem with changes in the community in order to remain relevant. Singapore is no stranger to international col- laborations. We work closely with our foreign counterparts to deal swiftly and resolutely with CRIME PREVENTION IN SINGAPORE threats. For example, Singapore is the lead shepherd for cybercrime amongst the ASEAN Crime prevention is core to our policing strategy. countries, and has been active in various pro- Policing is not just about reacting to, and solving grammes to develop cybercrime investigation crime. We want to fight crime upstream - to pre- capabilities in member countries. vent and deter crime before it occurs. 7 Building Resilient Societies. Forging Global Partnerships. We are also an active member state of INTER- CONCLUSION POL. I am happy to note that Singapore will host the INTERPOL Global Complex for Innova- Crime prevention is an important strategy that tion (IGCI), which is slated to be ready in 2014. can only be sustained if there is strong sup- As criminals take advantage of new technology port from the community. In this regard, NCPC and the anonymity that the virtual world affords, will continue to play a key role to enhance it is crucial for Police to stay one step ahead by police-community partnership to combat crime. having real-time access to information beyond International collaboration is equally important their borders. A key focus of the IGCI will be on to this effort, given the transnational nature of cutting-edge research to identify crimes and crim- crime in the globalised economy. inals especially in cybercrime and digital security. During ICPC 2011, a distinguished group of This Complex will also enhance our ability to tap industry leaders and experienced law enforce- on international law enforcement networks, and ment practitioners spoke on a wide range of enable us to share intelligence and professional topics, from trends in transnational crime, to the knowledge with our foreign counterparts. changing nature of community policing, and to the use of new media to fight crime. The con- ference served as a useful opportunity for the exchange of valuable insights and best practices in the fight against crime. I am confident this book will do the same. 8 PREFACE Tan Kian Hoon JP, BBM, PBM Chairman, National Crime Prevention Council ICPC 2011 WAS THE HIGHLIGHT of a series of It was, through ICPC 2011, heartening to see initiatives to commemorate the 30th Anniversary the strong spirit of collaboration by various of the National Crime Prevention Council (NCPC).