Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management Peter Mason AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management Butterworth-Heinemann An imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803 First published 2003 Copyright © 2003, Peter Mason. All rights reserved The right of Peter Mason to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science and Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: (+44) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0 7506 5970X For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at www.bh.com Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain To my Family and Friends in the North and Friends in the South Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Part One Tourism Growth, Development and Impacts 1 Social change and the growth of tourism 3 2 Theoretical perspectives on tourism development 19 3 An introduction to tourism impacts 27 4 The Economic Impacts of Tourism 34 5 The Socio-cultural impacts of tourism 42 6 Environmental impacts of tourism 52 Part Two Tourism Planning and Management: Concepts, Issues and Players 7 Tourism planning and management: concepts and issues 65 8 The key players in tourism planning and management 81 9 Visitor management 98 10 Managing the natural resources for tourism 109 11 Tourism planning and management and the host community 117 12 Tourism planning and management and the tourism industry 125 13 Partnerships and collaboration in tourism 133 vii G G G G Contents Part Three Tools and Techniques in Tourism Planning and Management 14 Education as a technique in tourism planning and management 143 15 Self-regulation as a technique in tourism planning and management 152 16 Information technology and tourism planning and management 159 Part Four The Future of Tourism Planning and Management 17 Tourism planning and management and sustainability 165 18 Conclusions and the future of tourism planning and management 175 References 182 Index 192 G G G G G viii Preface Part One The first six chapters of the book discuss the growth, development and impacts of tourism. It is assumed that all readers will have some under- standing of the concepts of tourism. However, a brief discussion on the emergence and development of tourism is provided in Chapter 1. The reasons behind the development are also provided in this first chapter. The chapter attempts to establish the global significance of tourism, but it also points out some data limitations. Chapter 2 provides a discussion of key theories that are important within the context of tourism planning and management. Chapter 3 indicates that much tourism planning and management takes place in relation to tourism impacts. This chapter also considers factors that influence tourism impacts. The three chapters fol- lowing Chapter 3 consider in turn, economic impacts, socio-cultural impacts and environmental impacts. Case studies are provided in each chapter to exemplify these different impacts. These studies are also employed to provide stimulus material for students and at the end of each chapter a number of student activities are suggested. Part Two Chapters 7–13 discuss concepts of, issues concerning and the players involved in tourism planning and management. Chapter 7 focuses on key concepts in tourism planning and management. It investigates the general relationship between planning and management before a discussion of tourism planning and management. This chapter also focuses on policy issues and introduces ideas in sustainability in tourism. Chapter 8 con- siders the major players in tourism planning and management and dis- cusses visitors, host communities, the tourism industry and government. This chapter also discusses the role of the media and non-government organizations in tourism planning and management. Chapters 9–13 pro- vide more detailed discussion of visitors, host communities and the tourism industry, as well as focusing on the environment as a key resource in tourism and the role of partnerships and collaboration in ix G G G G Preface tourism planning and management. As with the first part of the book, this one uses a number of case studies. Here they are used to illustrate major concepts, themes and issues and once again a number of student activities are linked to the case studies in each chapter. Part Three This section is concerned with particular techniques used in tourism plan- ning and management. It focuses on education and the role of interpreta- tion (Chapter 14), self-regulation in tourism planning and management, and in particular codes of conduct, (Chapter 15) and the use of informa- tion technology as a tool in tourism planning and management. As with previous sections, case studies are an important feature of these chapters and as before they are included to provide stimulus material for students. Part Four The final part of the book is concerned with sustainability issues and tourism planning and management. A number of theoretical perspectives are discussed and a case study, with accompanying student activities, is presented to investigate some of these perspectives. A short concluding chapter is also provided and in addition this has ideas on the future of tourism. This final part of the book also uses a case study with related questions for students. G G G G x Acknowledgements It is a truism that no book is the product of one person alone. I would like to thank the following for their help, either directly or indirectly, during the writing of this book. The academics who informed the development of this book are numerous, but in particular, I would like to thank the following: at the University of Luton, Andrew Holden; in New Zealand, Sarah Leberman, Joanne Cheyne, Stephen Legg and Belinda Bonzon-Liu; and in Canada, Margaret Johnston and Dave Twynam. Students at Massey University, New Zealand and the University of Luton, UK who tolerated, and may even have enjoyed, trial runs of some of the material contained in the book, deserve a special mention. At Butterworth-Heinemann, I would like to express my thanks to Sally North, Holly Bennett and Rachael Williams for their advice on the practicalities of this book’s production. I would also like to thank Mukesh V. S. at Newgen Imaging. Last, but not least, I would like to thank my family, Patsy, Jess and Will, who put up with the long hours I spent at the computer. The author and publisher would like to thank the following for permis- sion to use copyright material: Prosser, R., ‘Tourism’ Figure 7, in The Encyclopaedia of Applied Ethics (1998) Vol. 4, p. 381, published by Harcourt (Elsevier Science), New York. ‘The Main Sectors of the Tourism Industry, Figure 4’ in Tourism Marketing by Middleton V. (1994), published by Butterworth, London. ‘Table 1 and Table 2’ in Tourism Collaboration and Partnerships by Bramwell, B. and Lane, B. (2000), published by Channel View Publications, Clevedon, UK. Figure 1, p. 60, ‘A classification of travellers and tourists’ in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality by Ritchie, J. and Goeldner, C. (1994), published by John Wiley and Sons, New York, ‘Some Important Dates in the Growth of Tourism. Figures 21 and 22 in Tourism: Environment and Development Perspectives by Mason, P. (1990), published by World Wide Fund for Nature, Godalming, UK. Figures 5.1 and 25.1, Table 13.1 and Boxes 13.1 xi G G G G Acknowledgements and 13.2 in Sustainable Tourism Management by Swarbrooke, J. (1999), published by CABI, Wallingford, Oxford. All the photographs were taken by the author. Every attempt has been made to trace all the copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements. G G G G xii Part One Tourism Growth, Development and Impacts CHAPTER GGGG 1 Social change and the growth of tourism Learning objectives At the end of this chapter you should: G be aware of a variety of definitions of tourism; G be aware of a number of dimensions and components of tourism, viz. the components of the tourism industry, motivations for tourism, tourism systems, data limitations in tourism; G understand major social and economic changes that have contributed to the growth of tourism. Introduction Tourism is now a global industry involving hundreds of mil- lions of people in international as well as domestic travel each year. The World Tourism Organization estimated (WTO, 2002) that there were 698 million international travellers in 2001 (this amounts to approximately 10 per cent of the world’s popula- tion).