Tourism and Global Environmental Change Global environmental change is one of the most significant issues facing human- kind. Tourism and Global Environmental Change provides the first comprehen- sive analysis of the economic, social and political interrelationships between tourism and global environmental change. In this book, tourism is seen to be both a significant contributor to global environmental change and one of the economic sectors that potentially will be most impacted by such changes. Tourism and Global Environmental Change is divided into three sections. The first section examines the tourism and global environmental change relationship in specific environments, including polar regions, mountains, rivers, forests, coastal regions, reefs, deserts and the urban environment. The second section looks at specific global issues related to environmental change and includes the spread of disease and its potential effects on tourism, biodiversity, water resources and extreme weather events. The final section discusses some of the different percep- tions held by tourists and the tourist industry on global environmental change. It concludes by investigating some of the potential responses to global environ- mental change by the tourism industry and government. This indispensable collection of essays from leading scholars in the field, Tourism and Global Environmental Change, concludes that there is a major crisis facing tourism. It argues that impacts are real and are potentially extremely serious both for tourism and for the communities that depend upon the tourism industry. Stefan Gössling is Associate Professor, Department of Service Management, Lund University, Sweden. C. Michael Hall is Professor, Department of Tourism, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, and Docent, Department of Geography, University of Oulu, Finland. Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility Series Editor: C. Michael Hall Professor at the Department of Tourism, University of Otago, New Zealand. The aim of this series is to explore and communicate the intersections and relation- ships between leisure, tourism and human mobility within the social sciences. It will incorporate both traditional and new perspectives on leisure and tourism from contemporary geography, e.g. notions of identity, representation and culture, while also providing for perspectives from cognate areas such as anthropology, cultural studies, gastronomy and food studies, marketing, policy studies and polit- ical economy, regional and urban planning, and sociology, within the development of an integrated field of leisure and tourism studies. Also, increasingly, tourism and leisure are regarded as steps in a continuum of human mobility. Inclusion of mobility in the series offers the prospect to examine the relationship between tourism and migration, the sojourner, educational travel, and the second home and retirement travel phenomena. The series comprises two strands: Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility aims to address the needs of students and academics, and the titles will be published in hardback and paperback. Titles include: The Moralisation of Tourism The Media and the Tourist Sun, sand … and saving the world? Imagination Jim Butcher Converging cultures Edited by David Crouch, Rhona The Ethics of Tourism Development Jackson and Felix Thompson Mick Smith and Rosaleen Duffy Tourism and Global Environmental Tourism in the Caribbean Change Trends, development, prospects Ecological, social, economic and Edited by David Timothy Duval political interrelationships Qualitative Research in Tourism Edited by Stefan Gössling and Ontologies, epistemologies and C. Michael Hall methodologies Edited by Jenny Phillimore and Lisa Goodson Routledge Studies in Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility is a forum for innovative new research intended for research students and academics, and the titles will be available in hardback only. Titles include: 1. Living with Tourism 3. Tourism and Postcolonialism Negotiating Identities in a Turkish Contested discourses, identities and Village representations Hazel Tucker C. Michael Hall and Hazel Tucker 2. Tourism, Diaspora and Space Tim Coles and Dallen J. Timothy Tourism and Global Environmental Change Ecological, social, economic and political interrelationships Edited by Stefan Gössling and C. Michael Hall I~ ~~o~!!~n~~;up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2006 by Routledge Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2006 Stefan Gössling and C. Michael Hall editorial matter and selection; the contributors their individual chapters. Typeset in Times New Roman by Bookcraft Ltd, Stroud, Gloucestershire The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Gössling, Stefan. Tourism and global environmental change : ecological, social, economic, and political interrelationships / Stefan Gössling and C. Michael Hall. p. cm. — (Contemporary geographies of leisure, tourism, and mobility) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Tourism—Environmental aspects. 2. Global environmental change. I. Hall, Colin Michael, 1961– II. Title. III. Series. G155.A1G67 2005 338.4791–dc22 2005011328 ISBN13: 978-0-415-36131-6 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-36132-3 (pbk) Contents List of tables vii List of figures ix List of contributors x Preface xii Acknowledgements xiii 1 An introduction to tourism and global environmental change 1 STEFAN GÖSSLING AND C. MICHAEL HALL PART I Environments 35 2 Impacts of global environmental change on tourism in the polar regions 37 MARGARET E. JOHNSTON 3 Global environmental change and mountain tourism 54 DANIEL SCOTT 4 Lakes and streams 76 BRENDA E. JONES, DANIEL SCOTT AND STEFAN GÖSSLING 5 Tourism and forest ecosystems 95 STEFAN GÖSSLING AND THOMAS HICKLER 6 The coastal and marine environment 107 STEPHEN J. CRAIG-SMITH, RICHARD TAPPER AND XAVIER FONT 7 Deserts and savannah regions 128 ROBERT PRESTON-WHYTE, SHIRLEY BROOKS AND WILLIAM ELLERY 8 Tourism urbanisation and global environmental change 142 C. MICHAEL HALL vi Contents PART II Global issues 157 9 Tourism, disease and global environmental change: the fourth transition? 159 C. MICHAEL HALL 10 Tourism and water 180 STEFAN GÖSSLING 11 Extreme weather events 195 CHRIS R. DE FREITAS 12 Tourism, biodiversity and global environmental change 211 C. MICHAEL HALL PART III Stakeholder adaptation and perceptions 227 13 The role of climate information in tourist destination choice decision making 229 JACQUELINE M. HAMILTON AND MAREN A. LAU 14 Restructuring the tourist industry: new marketing perspectives for global environmental change 251 SZILVIAGYIMÓTHY 15 US ski industry adaptation to climate change: hard, soft and policy strategies 262 DANIEL SCOTT 16 The example of the avalanche winter 1999 and the storm Lothar in the Swiss Alps 286 CHRISTIAN J. NÖTHIGER, ROLF BÜRKI AND HANS ELSASSER 17 Tourists and global environmental change: a possible scenario in relation to nature and authenticity 293 ERIKA ANDERSSON CEDERHOLM AND JOHAN HULTMAN 18 Conclusion: wake up ... this is serious 305 STEFAN GÖSSLING AND C. MICHAEL HALL Index 321 Tables 1.1 Changes in climate and weather phenomena 14 1.2 Weaknesses of current models in predicting travel flows 22 2.1 Some aspects of global environmental change with relevance for Arctic tourism 44 3.1 Comparison of climate change impacts on the ski industry 58 3.2 Visitation to parks in the Rocky Mountains under climate change scenarios 67 4.1 Projected season length of the Rideau Canal Skateway under climate change 81 4.2 Fresh water bathing areas in Europe, 2003 83 4.3 Endangered wetlands and saltwater intrusion 89 5.1 Forest-based activities 96 6.1 Regulatory instruments 112 6.2 Coastal erosion 115 6.3 Habitat degradation 117 6.4 Pollution 118 6.5 Water handling management 119 6.6 Cruise ships 121 6.7 Local sourcing of products 122 6.8 Marine-based activities 123 6.9 Recreational areas 124 6.10 Commercial fishing 125 6.11 Key factors in an integrated approach to tourism and coastal and marine management 126 9.1 What is carried by humans when they travel 162 9.2 World population growth compared to growth in international tourism arrivals 163 9.3 Pre-border, border and post-border biosecurity strategies 171 9.4 Possible direct and indirect health effects arising from global climate change 173 10.1 Global flows of tourists between regions and corresponding water use (2000) 185 10.2 Country overview statistics 187 viii Tables 11.1 Definitions and measures of climate and weather extremes, and impact classes 197 11.2 Day-to-day air temperature variability for the USA, People’s Republic of China and the former Soviet Union, shown as mean linear trend (ºC per decade) in daily temperature variability values 201 13.1 Sources of attributes for the questionnaire 236 13.2 Descriptive profile of respondents 239 13.3 Descriptive profile of holidays 240 13.4 Results of the ranking of destination attributes 241 13.5 Mean differences between destination attribute rank values 241 13.6 Cross-tabulations of climate information and the weather in the week before the holiday