©DLIFLC | 1 Chapter 1: Profile_______________________________________________________ 5 Introduction _______________________________________________________________ 5 Geography_________________________________________________________________ 5 Area ___________________________________________________________________________ 5 Geographic Divisions and Topographic Features _________________________________ 6 Climate ___________________________________________________________________ 7 Bodies of Water ____________________________________________________________ 8 Manila Bay ______________________________________________________________________ 8 Pampanga River __________________________________________________________________ 8 Lake Laguna de Bay ______________________________________________________________ 8 Lake Taal _______________________________________________________________________ 8 Philippine Sea ___________________________________________________________________ 9 South China Sea __________________________________________________________________ 9 Sibuyan Sea _____________________________________________________________________ 9 Sulu Sea ________________________________________________________________________ 9 Major Cities ______________________________________________________________ 10 Manila ________________________________________________________________________ 10 Quezon City ____________________________________________________________________ 11 Lucena ________________________________________________________________________ 11 Batangas _______________________________________________________________________ 11 Calapan _______________________________________________________________________ 11 History ___________________________________________________________________ 12 Pre-Spanish Era _________________________________________________________________ 12 Spanish Colonialism _____________________________________________________________ 12 Nationalism ____________________________________________________________________ 13 American Rule __________________________________________________________________ 13 Post-Independence _______________________________________________________________ 14 Recent Events __________________________________________________________________ 15 Economy _________________________________________________________________ 15 Agriculture and Fishing ___________________________________________________________ 15 Manufacturing and Industry ________________________________________________________ 16 Exports ________________________________________________________________________ 16 Ethnic Groups and Languages _______________________________________________ 17 Tagalog _______________________________________________________________________ 17 Ilocano ________________________________________________________________________ 17 Kapampangan __________________________________________________________________ 17 Pangasinan _____________________________________________________________________ 18 Kankaney ______________________________________________________________________ 18 Ifugao _________________________________________________________________________ 18 Bicolano _______________________________________________________________________ 19 Kalinga ________________________________________________________________________ 19 Chapter 1: Assessments _________________________________________________ 20 Chapter 2: Religion ____________________________________________________ 21 Introduction ______________________________________________________________ 21 The Role of Religion in the Government _______________________________________ 22 ©DLIFLC | 2 Influence of Religion on Daily Life ____________________________________________ 23 Protestant Resurgence ____________________________________________________________ 23 Religious Holidays and Festivals ______________________________________________ 24 Maundy Thursday _______________________________________________________________ 24 Good Friday and Easter ___________________________________________________________ 24 All Saints’ Day __________________________________________________________________ 25 Christmas ______________________________________________________________________ 25 Eid al-Fitr ______________________________________________________________________ 25 Buildings of Worship _______________________________________________________ 26 Behavior in Places of Worship _______________________________________________ 26 Churches ______________________________________________________________________ 26 Mosques _______________________________________________________________________ 27 Chapter 2: Assessments _________________________________________________ 29 Chapter 3: Traditions ___________________________________________________ 30 Introduction ______________________________________________________________ 30 Traditional Economy _______________________________________________________ 30 Tagalog Social Traditions ___________________________________________________ 32 Greetings ______________________________________________________________________ 32 Hospitality and Gift-Giving ________________________________________________________ 35 Dress Codes _______________________________________________________________ 36 Types of Food and Eating Habits _____________________________________________ 38 Non-Religious Public Holidays _______________________________________________ 39 EDSA Revolution Day ____________________________________________________________ 39 Bataan Day _____________________________________________________________________ 39 Labor Day _____________________________________________________________________ 40 National Heroes Day _____________________________________________________________ 40 Independence Day _______________________________________________________________ 40 Ninoy Aquino Day _______________________________________________________________ 41 Bonifacio Day (Andres Bonifacio’s Day) _____________________________________________ 41 Rizal Day ______________________________________________________________________ 41 Social Events ______________________________________________________________ 42 Weddings ______________________________________________________________________ 42 Funerals _______________________________________________________________________ 43 Dos and Don’ts ____________________________________________________________ 44 Chapter 3: Assessments _________________________________________________ 45 Chapter 4: Urban Life __________________________________________________ 46 Urbanization ______________________________________________________________ 46 Urban Jobs and Workforce __________________________________________________ 47 Bribery and Paternalism ___________________________________________________________ 47 Daily Urban Life and Living Conditions _______________________________________ 48 Education ________________________________________________________________ 50 Health Care _______________________________________________________________ 51 ©DLIFLC | 3 Transportation and Traffic __________________________________________________ 53 Restaurants and Marketplaces _______________________________________________ 56 Restaurant _____________________________________________________________________ 56 Marketplaces ___________________________________________________________________ 58 Beggars _______________________________________________________________________ 60 Urban Crime ______________________________________________________________ 61 Chapter 4: Assessments _________________________________________________ 62 Chapter 5: Rural Life ___________________________________________________ 63 Rural Economy ____________________________________________________________ 63 Rural Transportation ______________________________________________________ 66 Rural Health ______________________________________________________________ 67 Rural Education ___________________________________________________________ 68 Village Life and Gender Roles _______________________________________________ 69 Who’s in Charge ___________________________________________________________ 70 Checkpoints ______________________________________________________________ 70 Land Mines _______________________________________________________________ 71 Chapter 5: Assessment __________________________________________________ 72 Chapter 6: Family Life _________________________________________________ 74 Family Roles and Responsibilities ____________________________________________ 74 Status of Women, Elderly, and Children _______________________________________ 76 Women ________________________________________________________________________ 76 Elderly ________________________________________________________________________ 76 Marriage, Divorce, and Birth ________________________________________________ 79 Marriage _______________________________________________________________________ 79 Divorce________________________________________________________________________ 79 Birth and Birth Ceremonies ________________________________________________________ 80 Naming Conventions _______________________________________________________ 81 Chapter 6: Assessments _________________________________________________ 82 Final Assessment ______________________________________________________ 83 Further Resources _____________________________________________________ 85 ©DLIFLC | 4 Chapter