Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices Anh Le-Tuan, Darshan Hingu, Manfred Hauswirth and Danh Le Phuoc j Technische Universitat¨ Berlin RDF4LED - An RDF Engine for Edge Devices Incorporating Blockchain into RDF4Led Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 2 Why Edge Devices ??? Edge Computing - Internet of Things – reduce network overhead. – reduce latency for real-time applications. – improve scalability. – better privacy control. Linked Data – enable data integration of heterogeneous sources. – enable data federation over edge nodes. Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 3 Missions Moving semantic data processing task away from centralised cloud for the IoT – How much semantic data on small devices ? – How to scale data federation over small devices on edge systems ? – How to encourage people sharing the data from their edge devices ? Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 4 RDF4LED - An RDF Engine for Edge Devices System Design Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 5 RDF4LED (cont.) Physical RDF Organisation: Two-Layers Index Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 6 RDF4LED (cont.) Targeted Small Devices Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 7 Incorporating Blockchain into RDF4Led System Overview Smart Contract Manager Distributed RDF Storage Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 8 Incorporating Blockchain into RDF4Led System Workflow SPARQL Query Processor Request Payment 7 Entries 2 Index 5 4 Request Payment riple Pattern Confirmation T Smart 9 Matched T 3 Contracts Smart Validation riples Contracts Service Trigger Storage 6 Contracts Index Entries Request with Smart Contract Manager 8 Entries Index 1 Distributed RDF Storage Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 9 Incorporating Blockchain into RDF4Led Physical Organisation Transaction 1: Transaction 2: Transaction N: {Owner: ClientA {Owner:ClientB {Owner: ClientN Price: 0.1 Price: 0.1 . Price: 0.1 IPFS:hash1} IPFS:hash2} IPFS:hashN} Blockchain s1p1o1: s2p1o5: s3p3o2: { { { Transaction 1 T ransaction 2 . Transaction N } } } Smart Contracts Storage IPFS:hash1 IPFS:hash2 IPFS:hashN s1 p1 o1 o2 s2 p1 o5; .. s3 p3 o2; .. o3; p2 o4 o5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. p3 o6. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Distributed RDF Storage Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 10 Incorporating Blockchain into RDF4Led System Deployment Miner Nodes Validation Service Geth Clients .... Client A Client B Client N Distributed Storage System Cluster Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 11 Incorporating Blockchain into RDF4Led Evaluation - Input (1) Acc. Throughput on Static Cluster Sizes 2;500 10 nodes Inserting 2;000 1;500 Throughput (triples/sec) 1;000 0 200 400 600 800 1;000 DatasetSize (in millions) Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 12 Incorporating Blockchain into RDF4Led Evaluation - Input (2) Acc. Throughput on Varying Cluster Sizes 40 100 Million triples Dataset 30 20 10 Throughput (triples/sec) in thousands 2 4 6 8 10 No of Nodes Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 13 Incorporating Blockchain into RDF4Led Evaluation - Query 1000 350 60 30 5 second (in log scale) 0.5 1 10 50 100 500 1000 Number of blocks return in query patterns Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 14 Thank You !!! Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 15 RDF4LED (cont.) Write Management (1): Clustering example Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 16 RDF4LED (cont.) Write Management (2): Cache Management Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 17 RDF4LED (cont.) Push-based Join Algorithm Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 18 RDF4LED (cont.) Evaluation Results - Input (1) Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 19 RDF4LED (cont.) Evaluation Results - Input (2) Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 20 RDF4LED (cont.) Evaluation Results - Input (3) Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 21 RDF4LED (cont.) Evaluation Results - Query (1) (a) Query response time on Intel Galileo Gen II 100 VIRTUOSO RDF4Led JENA TDB 10 1 second (in log scale) second (in log F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Queries Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 22 RDF4LED (cont.) Evaluation Results - Query (2) (b) Query response time on Raspberry Pi Zero VIRTUOSO RDF4Led JENA TDB 100 10 1 second (in log scale) second (in log F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Queries Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 23 RDF4LED (cont.) Evaluation Results - Query (3) (c) Query response time on Beagle Bone Black VIRTUOSO RDF4Led JENA TDB 100 10 1 second (in log scale) second (in log F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Queries Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 24 RDF4LED (cont.) Evaluation Results - Query (4) (d) Query response time on Beagle Bone Black (20 mil) 10 VIRTUOSO RDF4Led 1 second (in log scale) second (in log F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Queries Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 25 RDF4LED (cont.) Evaluation Results - Memory (1) Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 26 RDF4LED (cont.) Evaluation Results - Memory (2) Incorporating Blockchain into RDF Store at The Lightweight Edge Devices j Anh Le-Tuan j Seite 27.