Index of Cases of Superpower Cooperation James M. Finlay CHAPTER 2: A SOVIET PERSPECTIVE 1943 Agreements at Tehran 34 1945 Agreements at Yalta 34 1945 Establishment of UN 33-4 1948 Superpowers support creation of Israeli state 34 1953-54 Geneva summits and conferences 31 1955 Austrian State Treaty 31,37 1956 Similar superpower reaction to Suez crisis 34 1960 Zorin-McCloy Agreement 35 1%2 Cuban missile crisis - direct military action avoided 40-5 1%3 Hot Line Agreement 43-4 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty 43,45 1%3 US pledge to avoid direct intervention in Cuba 44 1%7 Meeting between Johnson and Kosygin in Glassboro 46 1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty 33,45 1971 Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin 37 1971 Hot line modernization 44,49 1972 Basic Principles Agreement 36,40, 48-50 1972 ABMTreaty 46-7,49 1972 SALT 1 47,49 1975 Helsinki Accords signed 47 1977 Joint statement on Middle East signed 52 1977 Convening of the Geneva Conference under Soviet-American Co-Chairmanship 50 1979 SALT 2 47,49,52 415 416 Index of Cases 1982- START 56 1985 Hot Line modernization 44,49 1987 INF Agreement 56 1988 Geneva Accords on Afghanistan 57 Negotiations on the demilitarization of the Indian Ocean 52 Negotiations on Conventional Arms Transfers 52 CHAPTER 3: WESTERN EUROPE 1948 Superpowers avoid direct confrontation during Berlin crisis 68 1949,1955 Creation of two-bloc confrontation implicitly limits German rearmament 6S-9 1953 US acts with restraint to Soviet suppression in East Germany 71 1956 US acts with restraint to Soviet invasion of Hungary 71 1958-62 Superpowers avoid direct confrontaltion over Berlin 70-1 1968 US acts with restraint to Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 71 1971 Four-Power Accord for Berlin signed 80 1972 SALT 1 81 1972 Basic Principles Agreement 80 1975 Helsinki Accords signed 71,80 1979 SALT 2 72-4 1982- START 72, 74, 75 1986 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe 71,81,84, 85 1987 INFTreaty 72,74,81 CHAPTER 4: EASTERN EUROPE 1948-49 Superpowers keep Berlin blockade tensions at a manageable level 9fr-7 1951 Soviets permit Finland to join the Nordic Council 98 1955 Austrian State Treaty 98 Index of Cases 417 1955 Soviet withdrawal from naval base in Porkkala 98 1955 Khrushchev makes peace with Tito 98 1955 Khrushchev invites Adenauer to Moscow 98 mid-1950s Resolution of the German question 98-9 1956 US does not challenge Soviet hegemony in Hungary 98,99-100, 108 1958-61 Direct confrontation avoided in Berlin 100-1,107 1968 US limits its response to the invasion of Czechoslovakia to diplomatic warnings 101,108 1971 Agreements over status of Berlin 101 1972 Basic Principles Agreement 109 1975 Certain rules of behavior codified in Helsinki Accords 101,110 1981 US avoids use of force in Polish crisis 102-3 1987 INF agreement 103 1988 Soviets announce unilateral reductions of military forces in Central Europe 114-15 CHAPTER 5: MIDDLE EAST 1947 End of British Mandate in Palestine - creation of the State of Israel 125,126 1956 Response to nationalization of Suez Canal 125,127 1956 Suez and Sinai Campaign 124,125 1957 Soviet Proposal for Four-Power Talks 125 1967 Pre-Six-Day War crisis 125 1967 Johnson Proposal to Kosygin 125 1967 Six-Day War 125,128 1967-70 Negotiations: Glassboro talks; Resolution 242; Two-power talks; Four-power talks; Rogers initiative 125,131 1969-70 War of Attrition 125 1971 Prevention of war 125 1972 Moscow Summit 125 1973 Prevention of war 125 418 Index of Cases 1973 Outbreak of Yom Kippur War 125 1973 Yom Kippur War 128,131 1973 Geneva Conference 125,131 1973-77 Moderation of PLO 126 1974-75 Israeli-Egyptian, Israeli-Syrian Dist!ngagement Agreements 125 1974-75 Preservation of cease-fires 125 1977 Efforts to resume Geneva Joint Soviet-American Statement 126,131 1982 Israeli-Syrian missile crisis in Lebanon 126 1982 Lebanon War 126,128 1982 Brezhnev Peace Plan 126 1984 Soviet Peace Plan 126 American-Soviet presence in Lebanon 126 CHAPTER 6: NORTH AFRICA 1965 Superpowers exercise restraint in Chadian conflict 152 1977 Superpowers support end of French colonial rule over territories of Afars and Issas and transformation into Djibouti 159 1977-78 Change in superpower alliances with Somalia and Ethiopia occurs without conflict 162 1978 Cooperation in containing the Ethiopia-Somalia conflict 161-2 1978- Neither superpower supports Somalll irredentist policy 159 1980s Superpowers press for Mengistu's acceptance of Somali plan 162-3 1986 Soviets do not interfere with US bombing of Libya 152 Superpowers support territorial integrity of Sudan 159-60 Superpowers exercise restraint in Wt!stem Saharan conflicts 152-3 Index of Cases 419 CHAPTER 7: CENTRAL AFRICA early 19608 Zairian crises - real military support for dissidents and insurgents is kept at an inconsequential level by the Soviet Union 188 1963-65 Soviets provide only verbal backing to the wave of rebellions in the region 188 1967-70 Superpowers avoid direct involvement in Nigerian civil war 188 1973-88 Soviets avoid direct involvement in Libyan interference in Chadian affairs 188 1983-88 Number of African states receiving arms assistance from Soviet Union shrinks from 22 to seven 187 CHAPTER 8: SOUTHERN AFRICA 1960 Superpowers avoid escalation of involvement in ShabaI 205 1961-79 Superpowers avoid escalation in Rhodesian revolution 205 1961-75 Superpowers support Portuguese decolonization 214 1977-78 Superpowers avoid escalation of involvement in Shaball 205 1979 Superpowers avoid interference in the transition to black rule in Zimbabwe and share similar goals 205-6 1979- Superpowers provide financial support for the South African Development and Coordination Conference (SADCC) 215 19~ Superpowers support Mozambican government in civil war against RENAMO 209,215 1983-4 Lusaka Accords 209 1984 Nkomati Accords 209 1986 Superpowers meet to discuss regional conflicts 210 1988 Superpowers support Angola-Namibia Accords with joint Appeals Commission with US and Soviet representatives 209--14,215 1989 Superpowers explore possibility of reducing the costs of peacekeeping forces for Namibia 212-13 420 Index of Cases 1980s Soviets accept idea of Western assistance to Angola and Mozambique 208 Superpower sanctions against Rhodesia 214 Superpower sanctions against South Africa 214 CHAPTER 9: THE CARIBBEAN AND CENTRAL AMERICA 1962 Superpowers avoid hostilities during Cuban missile crisis 238 1962- US avoids direct involvement in Cuba 238,239 1962-79 Superpower restraint in Nicaraguan civil war- avoid direct intervention 238 1965 Soviets assume low posture during US invasion of Dominican Republic 239 1972- Soviets refuse direct assistance to msistance in EI Salvador and Guatemala 238,240 1972- Superpower restraint in Salvadorian civil war- avoid direct intervention 238,239 1979- US downscales support for the Contras over time and avoids direct invasion of Nicaragua 226,238, 239 1979- Soviets refuse to provide Nicaragua with MIG fighters and keep military manpower low 226,239, 242 1979- Soviets restrict economic assistance to Nicaragua 237,239-40 1979 Moscow refuses aid to Grenada's New Jewell Movement during coup 240 1981 Soviets refuse to air transport weapons to support Salvadoran guerrilla offensive 239,240 1983 Superpowers endorse the Contadol'a initiative 229 1983 Soviets do not interfere with US invasion of Grenada 226,239, 240 1984 Soviets do not interfere with US mining of Nicaraguan harbors 239 1987 Superpower endorsement of Arias Plan 229 1987 Gorbachev proposes superpower cooperation in region at the Washington summit 242 198~90 Soviets pressure Sandinistas 229,241 Index of Cases 421 1989 Moscow assumes low profile during US invasion of Panama 226 1989 Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with Cuba is written with US security concerns in mind 238-9,242 1989 Superpowers meet to discuss Third World regional conflicts 237 1989 Moscow conference to reassess the 1962 Cuban missile crisis 245 1990 Superpowers pressure Nicaragua to hold elections 241,246, 248 US restricts the number of advisers and military personnel in Guatemala and EI Salvador 239 Superpowers agree on UN Observer Group Central America (ONUCA) to end Sandinista arms support to FMLN 241 CHAPTER 10: SOUTH AMERICA 1954 Soviets do not retaliate for US intervention in Guatemala 262 1962 Agreements made between superpowers after Cuban missile crisis 253,264, 266 1979- Acceptance that Nicaragua will not have Soviet military bases, no MIG fighter planes and no subversion of Nicaragua's neighbors 269-70 1987 Soviet proposal that both superpowers cease funding of client states in region 275 1989 US expresses interest in reviving Soviet proposal to end funding to clients 275 CHAPTER 11: SOUTH ASIA 1948 US attempts to mediate India-Pakistan War 292 1962 Superpower support for India in Sino-Indian War 281,283-4, 295 1965 US supports Soviet efforts to mediate India­ Pakistan War 284-5,292, 295 422 Index of Cases 1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty 281,288-9 1987 Superpowers urge restraint in Sino--Indian crisis 286-7,292, 295 1987 Superpowers support India in the Maldives 296 1988 Superpowers support India in Sri Lanka 296- CHAPTER 12: SOUTHWEST ASIA 1945-79 US avoids using Iran as a forward base from which to threaten the Soviet Union 312 1945-79 Soviets accept Western orientation of Iran under Shah 322-3 1961--63 Washington resists Shah's requests for massive buildup of bis military 314 1960s Superpowers evolve tacit policies of mutual cooperation in helping Afghanistan develop 316-18 1950s- Superpowers come to tacit agreement to 1970s recognize legitimate interests of the other in Afghanistan 321-2