SIGNIFICANT HABITATS OF THE TOWN OF EAST FISHKILL, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NEW YORK By Gretchen Stevens and Eben Broadbent Hudsonia Ltd. May 2002 1 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 Background ................................................................................. 1 What is biodiversity? ..................................................................... 3 What are “ecologically significant habitats?” ............................... 3 Why be concerned about biological diversity? ............................... 4 The study area ............................................................................... 4 METHODS ............................................................................................. 5 RESULTS ............................................................................................. 8 DISCUSSION .......................................................................................... 36 REFERENCES CITED .......................................................................... 49 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................... 52 APPENDICES 1 Explanation of ranks for species of conservation concern .................... 53 2 Scientific names of plants mentioned in this report .............................. 55 FIGURES 1 Generalized bedrock geology of East Fishkill ................................ 42 2 Contiguous meadows 20 ha (50 ac) and larger ................................ 43 3 Contiguous forested areas 200 ha (500 ac) and larger .................... 44 4 Crest, ledge, and talus habitats ........................................................ 45 5 Fens and calcareous wet meadows ........................................................ 46 6 Kettle shrub pools ................................................................................ 47 7 Acidic bog, acidic bog lake, and circumneutral bog lakes ................... 48 2 INTRODUCTION Background In January 2001, Hudsonia embarked on a project to identify and map ecologically significant habitats throughout the Town of East Fishkill, Dutchess County, New York. The project grew out of our observations of the loss of important habitats and species in the region due to rapid land development. The publication of Hudsonia’s Biodiversity Assessment Manual for the Hudson River Estuary Corridor in 2001 provided another important impetus for the project. We wanted to conduct a pilot assessment project that would demonstrate the ways the Manual could be used to identify important biological resources and inform local communities about biodiversity conservation. We believe that if landowners, developers, public planners, and local officials have good information about biological resources, they will be better able to locate and design new development such that impacts to important and sensitive habitats are minimized or avoided. Hudsonia has been conducting small-scale, site-specific biological assessments in the Hudson Valley for many years, helping landowners, citizens’ groups, conservation organizations, developers, and public officials recognize some of the important habitats and species of conservation concern that are most at risk from poorly planned land development. Although many land use decisions are necessarily made parcel-by-parcel, it is apparent to us that the longterm viability of biological communities, habitats, and ecosystems cannot be protected on a piecemeal basis, but requires consideration of whole landscapes. For this reason, we think that local land use planning and decision-making would be improved if general biodiversity information were available for large areas, such as whole towns, watersheds, or counties. To this end, we designed a project to conduct a large-scale biodiversity assessment in southern Dutchess County, New York. Upon receiving a grant for the project from the Marilyn Milton Simpson Charitable Trusts, we sought a town with governing boards interested in having biodiversity information at their disposal to aid in town planning and land use decision-making. We found enthusiastic support for the project in the Conservation Advisory Council, the Town 3 Supervisor, and the Town Board of East Fishkill, and were pleased to make the town our study site. Eben Broadbent (Research Assistant) and Gretchen Stevens (Project Manager) conducted the work on this project during the period January 2001 through March 2002. Through map analysis and field observations we created a map of the habitats we consider to be the most ecologically significant in the Town of East Fishkill. Some of these habitats are themselves rare in the region, or are in danger of becoming rare in the near future. Others are not rare, but may support some of our rarest and most vulnerable species of plants and animals. Some provide especially important ecological services to other parts of the ecosystem. The habitat map was posted in the East Fishkill Town Hall in March 2002. This report briefly describes the habitats, discusses some aspects of their ecological importance, and discusses some conservation measures that can help to protect habitats and species of conservation concern. We conducted no rare species surveys in this study, and have neither identified nor mapped the known locations of rare species. We hope that the map and report will help local residents and landowners appreciate the biological richness of the areas where they live and work, and help town planners and decision- makers identify the areas of greatest ecological significance, develop conservation goals, and establish conservation policies and practices that will help protect biodiversity resources while serving other social, cultural, and economic needs of the human community. This report and map were prepared especially for use by the Conservation Advisory Council, the Planning Board, and the Town Board of East Fishkill. The Geographic Information System (GIS) database containing the habitat map data will be conveyed to the Town Assessor’s office. We have also given a copy of the report and the GIS database to the Dutchess County Environmental Management Council (EMC), and the Dutchess County Department of Planning and Development. 4 Hudsonia Ltd. is a non-advocacy, nonprofit, scientific research and education institute based in Annandale, New York. Hudsonia does not support or oppose development projects or land use changes, but conducts scientific studies to collect and analyze data and make recommendations for environmentally sound land management. These findings are provided impartially to those persons and organizations involved in public decision-making. What is biodiversity? The concept of biodiversity, or biological diversity, encompasses all of life and its processes. It includes ecosystems, biological communities, species, and their genes, as well as their interactions with each other and with the non-biological components of their environments, such as soil, water, air, and sunlight. Many ecologists agree that maintenance of native biodiversity is fundamental to the effective functioning of the ecosystems that sustain the human community and the living world around us. While biodiversity conservation efforts often focus on protection of certain rare or imperiled species, a species will be protected in the long term only if its habitats are maintained intact. The local or regional disappearance of a habitat can lead to the local or regional extinction of species that depend on the habitat. The focus of this project, therefore, is on habitats of special conservation concern. What are “ecologically significant habitats?” For purposes of this project, a “habitat” is simply the place where an organism or population lives or where a biological community occurs, and is described according to the biological and non-biological components of the environment. Habitats that we consider “ecologically significant” may be themselves rare or declining in the region, or they may support rare species and other species of conservation concern, or they may be unusual examples of otherwise common habitats, e.g., especially large, especially isolated from human activities, especially old, or lacking alien species, or they may provide connections between other important habitat units. 5 Why be concerned about biological diversity? Native biological diversity is one of the essential components of intact ecosystems. The very survival of the human community depends on the basic ecosystem services that make the earth habitable, such as climate moderation, oxygen production, soil formation, water and air purification, and production and decomposition of organic matter. While the value of these services is immense and probably incalculable, ecosystems also help to produce the extractable and harvestable natural resources that provide the materials on which our human economies are based. Diverse biological communities and ecosystems are also responsible for the richness of the natural landscapes around us that are so important for visual pleasure, recreation, inspiration, and spiritual solace. Although many of the common habitats of the Hudson Valley are extremely important to maintaining ecosystem functions, there are several reasons why our work often focuses on habitats and species that are rare or declining. Rare species, rare communities, and the habitats that support them are often in the greatest immediate danger of disappearing. The decline or disappearance of rare species