NDUD BANK -4GR Technical Note No. 2 Public Disclosure Authorized A STUDY OF TREE CROP F-42MING SYSTEM IN THE L.C%ZAND HUMID TROPICS Public Disclosure Authorized VOLUME I1 June 1980 Public Disclosure Authorized iculture and Rural Development Department tral Projects Staff Public Disclosure Authorized Thjs paper is one of a series issued by the Agriculture and Rural Develop- ' meqt Department primarily for the information- and guidance of Bank staff wo-bking in the agriculture and rural dewlogmat sectors. It may not be pu4lished or quoted as representing the views of the h3rld Bank. The World Bai dces not accept responsibility for its accuracy or completeness. A STUDY OF TREE CRL)F FARMING SYS'I'ENS IN 'IRE LOlVAhTD HrJbiID TRDPICS Abstract This Note presents a revizw of the cur~nttechnical situation regarding tree crop farming systems of the hwnid tropics. Based on a tour of countries in Asia, \Vest Africa and Latin Amrica, the Note considers policies and trends in the cultivaticn of rubber, oil palm, coconut, cocoa and coffee, together with subsidiary food crops, in the three main farming sub-sectors: the large industrial plantation, the land development schems with srnallho lder participation, and the individual smallholders. The first is concerned almost exclusively with monoculture regims ; the development schemes may incorporate sme element of multiple cropping; while the smallholder sector exhibits a wide variety of cropping systems. There are major differences between the regions, with Latin America at a much earlier stage than Asia and West Africa. Productivity of the major com- modity crops is being continually enhanced by adoption of new techniques and planting systems, and new emphasis is being given to indigenous food tree species. The Note is confined to technical aspects and does not consider socio-economic factors in any detail, the priqaly ~bjectivebekg to establish a data base of technical inaterial for use during preparation of tree crop projects . The Note presents a general Review and %comxzndations, supported by detailed reports on the countries visited, suggestions on tree crop system models, and by a 14anual givir?g basic characteristics of the various crop species. Prepared by: Dr. G.A. Watson (Consultant) Agriculture and. Rural Development 3epartmnt, CPS The views and interpretations in this doment are those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to any individual acting LI their behalf. A STUDY OF TREE CROP FARMING SYSTEMS IN ?HE L€NLAND HUMID TROPICS VOLUME I1 Table of Contents Page No . VI . NOTESONAVISITTOTHAILAND(June4.10. 1979) ............. 1 A . Rubber Monoculture ...................................... 1 B . Rubber Multiple Cropping ................................ 1 C . Coconuts ................................................ 3 D . Coconuts and Intercropping (with inclusion of experience from South India) ....................................... 4 VII . NOTESONAVISITTOWESTMALAYSIA(June11.15. 1979) ....... 7 A . Introduction ............................................ 7 B . Rubber Monoculture ...................................... 8 C . Rubber Multiple Cropping ................................ 8 D . Oil Palm ................................................ 10 E . Coconuts ................................................ 11 F . Coconuts and Multiple Cropping .......................... 12 G . Cocoa Mnoculture ....................................... 13 H . Discussion .............................................. 15 VIII . NOTES CPIJ A VISIT TO -IA (June 16.25. 1979) ........... 17 A . Introduction ........................................ 17 B . Rubber ................................................ 17 C . Coconuts ................................................ 20 D . Coconuts and Multiple Cropping .......................... 20 E . Cocoa ................................................... 21 IX . NOTES a AVISIT TO SRI LANKA (June 26-July 1. 1979) ....... 21 A . Introduction ............................................ 21 B . Rubber .................................................. 22 C . The Kandy "Gardens" ..................................... 23 D . Cocoa ................................................... 24 X . NOTES CPIJ A VISIT TO IVORY CQAST (September 3.13. 1979) ..... 25 A . Introduction ............................................ 25 B . Coffee .................................................. 25 C . Cocoa ................................................... 27 D . Rubber .................................................. 28 E . Oil Palm and Coconut .................................... XI . NOTES ONAVISIT TO NIGERIA (September 13.26. 1979) ........ 31 A . Introduction ............................................ 31 B . Taungya in Southern Nigeria ............................. 33 C . Industrial Plantations and Food Cropping ................ 38 D . Oil Palm ............................................... 39 E . Cocoa ................................................... 40 F . Traditional Tree Crop Fanning ........................... 41 G . Integrated Faming Systems Including Mulching and Zero Tillage Techniques ...................................... 42 Page No . NOTES ON A VISIT TO THE UNITED REPlIBLIC OF CAMEROON (September 27-October 2. 1979) .............................. A . Introduction ............................................. B . CA?W ................................................... C . SOCAPALM ................................................. D . HEVECAM .................................................. NOTES ON A VISIT TO BRAZIL (October 20-November 7. 1979) .... A . Introduction .............................................. B . Coffee and Cocoa ......................................... C . Rubber ................................................... D . Oil Palm ................................................. E . Indigenous Tree Crop Species ............................. F . Agro-Forestry ............................................ NOTES ON A VISIT TO COSTA RICA (November 8.13. 1979) ........ A . Introduction ............................................. B . CATIE .................................................... C . The Pejibaye Palm. Guilielma asi aes (H.B.K.) L.H. Bailey syn . Bact ris !gasipae- .%&a& Palm ............ D . Macadma Nuts (Macadamia integrifolia and M- . tetraphylla) E . General .................................................. XV . NOTES ONAVISIT TO GUAm(Xovember 13.16. 1979) ........ 62 A . Introduction ........................................ 62 B . InA (Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnolog.l'a Agricolas) ....... 62 C . INTA (Institute Nacional de Transformacik Agraria) ...... 63 D . AUACAFE (Asociacih Nacimal del CaG) ................... 63 E . General .................................................. 64 XVI . NOTES ON A VISIT TO 'IHE COCONUT INDUSrW BOARD. KINGTON. JAMAICA (November 19. 1979) .................................. 64 A . Introduction ........................................ 64 B . Planting Densities ....................................... 65 C . Intercropping ........................................ 65 BIBLIOGRAPHY TABLE 2 . 43 BRAZ IL CEPLAC ~omiss20Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira mse Centro Nacional de Pesquisa da Seringueira CPATU Centro cle Pesquisa Agropecuzria do ~r6~ico&nido mASA Iknd; do Para S.A. EMB WA Empresa Brasileira de pesquisa. ~~r~ecdria ENBRAER Empresa Brasileira de Assistzncia Tecnica e ~xtenskRural INCRA Instituto Nacional para ~01onizac;ioe Reforma Agr'aria DiiA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz6nia PROBOR Programa da Borracha SWI SuperintenGncia do Desenvolvimnto da Amazznia UEPAE Unidade de ~xecus> de Pesquisa de jtnbito Estadual COSTA RIU ASBAR! ~sociaci6nBananera Nacional CAT IE Centxu Amonomico Tropical de hvestigacizn y ~nsefianza I ICA 1nstitut6 Interamex-icano de Ciencias &r?colas UMJ University of the United Nations Crrmeroon Development Corporation Soci'etg Gvea - Cameroun Ins titut cmerounais de reche rches agronomiques e t forestiEres Institut francais de recherd~essur les fruits et ag-~mes ~oci'etgcameromaise de palmeraies ~oci'etgde &veloppement du cacao ANAm Asociacih Nacional del CaG CIAT Centro Intemacional de Agricxltura Tmpical CDfilrT International Maize adWheat Impmvement Center m Franca Transversal del Norte IDA Ins tituto de Ciencia y Tecno:.ogTa Ag6colas m Ins tituto Nacional de Trans fomaci6n Agraria INDONESIA NSSDP North Sumatra Smallholder Developmnt Project IVOm COAST IFCC Institut fran~aisdu cafg et du cacao I RAT Institut de recherches agronomiques tropicales IRCA Institut de recherches sur le caoutchouc IIWO Institut de recherches pour les huiles et olgagineux SAPH Socigtg africaine de plantations d'hgvea SAmACI Socigtg d' assistance technique pow la modernisation agricole de la CCte d' Ivoire Socie'te' de de'veloppement du palmier Z huile MALAYSIA Coconut Replanting and Rehabilitation Scheme Coconut Smallholders Development Scheme Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authorit.- Food Industry Manufacturers ' Association Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authorit-- Rubber Research Institute of bhlaysia NIGERIA Cross River Estates Ltd. International Ins ti tute of Tropical Agriculture Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research Nation21 Science and Technical Development Agency SRI LPllVKA NAbSA National Agricultural Diversification and Settlement Authority Gntral Plantation Crops Research Institute (India) Office of the Ihrbber Replanting Aid Fund VI. NOTES ON A VISIT TO 'l'HAILAND (June