- t"" ======================= MSC- 0723 0 -NATIONAl. AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION °::::°°°°°%%::::::::::::::°°°°%.°°.%° ::::: °o°.°.°°*.*°°°-...o.°.° !!i!i!i!iii!iiiii!!!iii APOLLO 16 MISSION REPORT iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ...... :.:-:.:.:-:.:,:.:.:-:°:° ..... __ °°°°°°,°o°°°° °°°°°°°°° °o-.*°-=*°.o.°°*=.°°°. ...... °.°. =°-.°°*....°°°*.°°°°°°* °°o°.°*.*°-°... -.-.° • °•-.= °..°-==°. -**=o°. °o°.-.°...-.o...***°°.. .......... :::::::::::::::::::.°:::: •°,** *..°°°°.. -o°=°.. °.°°..°...°.°°°°.°* *°* • ::::::::::::::::::::::: '!1 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::''""'"'" DISTRIBUTION AND REF ERENCING ::::::::::::::::::::::: Restriction/classification cancelled tion or referencing. It may be referenced -°°°°°°°°°°°°°°.-°-°°.- uments by participating organizations. °°°°-°°°°.°°°°*°°°°°°o° °°°°°°°°*•°°°°°°°°°°°•° °°%°°-.,_-°°°°°°°°°-o_ MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTEF' HOUSTON,TEXAS AUGUST 1972 ======================= :.*:°.°°°.,,***:.:-:.:.:.:.:.:.:.: :::.....:::::::::::: ,° ....:::::::: APOLLO SPACECRAFT FLIGHT HISTORy Mission report Mission number S_acecraft Descri ti_ Launch date Launch site PA-I Fostlaunch BP-6 First pad abort Nov. 7, 1963 White Sands memorandum Missile Range, N. Mex. A-001 MSC-A-R-64-1 BP-12 Transonic abort May 13, 1964 White Sands Missile Range, N. Max. AS-10I _C-A-R-6h-2 BP-13 Nomin_l launch and May 28, 196h Cape Kennedy, _ / exit environment Fla. AS-102 MZC-A-R-64-3 BP-15 Nominal launch and Sept. 18, 1964 Cape Kennedy, exit environment Fla. A-O02 _C-A-R-65-1 BP-23 Maximum dynamic Dec. 8, 196h White Sands pressure abort Missile Range, N. Max. AS-103 _R-SAT-FE-66-4 BP-16 Micrometeoroid Feb. 16, 1965 Cape Kennedy, (MSFC) experiment Fla. A-003 MSC-A-R-65-2 BP-22 Low-altitude abort _Tay 19, 1965 White Sands (planned high- Missile Ea_ge, altitude abort) N. Max. AS-104 Not published BP-26 Micrometeoroid May 25, 1965 Cape Kennedy, experiment and Fla. service module reaction control system launch environment PA-2 M_3C-A-R-65-3 BP-23A Second pad abort June 29, 1965 White Sands Missile Range, N. Max. AS-105 Not published BP-gA Mierometeoroid July 30, 1965 Cape Kennedy, experiment 8/]d Fla. service module reaction control system launch envi ronment A-O04 MSC-A-R-66-3 SC-002 Power-on tb_nbling Jan. 20, 1966 White Sands boundary abort Missile Range, N. Max. As-Eel MSC-A-R-66-4 SC-009 Supereircttlar Feb. 26, 1966 Cape Kennedy, _" entry with high Fla. heat rate AS-202 MSC-A-R-66-5 SC-011 Supereircular Aug. 25, 1966 Cape Kennedy, , ent_ with high Fla. heat load (Continued inside back cover) MSC-07230 APOLLO 16 MISSION REPORT PREPARED BY - Mission Evaluation Team / APPROVED BY 0wen G. Morris Manager, Apollo Spacecraft Program NATIONALAERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER HOUSTON, TEXAS August 1972 / Apollo 16 lift-off. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page 1.0 SUMMARY ................ 1-1 2.0 INTRODUCTION .... ............. 2-i 3.0 TRAJECTORY ............... 3-i 3.1 LAUNCH AND TRANSLUNAR TRAJECTORIES ....... 3-i 3.2 S-IVB STAGE ............. 3-i 3.3 LUNAR ORBIT ............... 3-1 3.4 TRANSEARTH AND ENTRY TRAJECTORY ...... 3-9 4.0 LUNAR SURFACE SCIENCE .............. 4-i 4.1 SUMMARY OF LUNAR SURFACE ACTIVITIES ..... 4-i 4.2 APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS PACKAGE CENTRAL STATION ............ 4-1 4.3 PASSIVE SEISMIC EXPERIMENT ...... _ 4-10 4.4 ACTIV_ SEISMIC EXPERIMENT ..... 4-13 4.5 LUNAR SURFACE MAGNETOMETER EXPERIMENT .... 4-14 4.6 HEAT FLOW EXPERIMENT ........... 4-14 4.7 LUNAR PORTABLE MAGNETOMETER EXPERIMENT . 4-16 4.8 FAR ULTRAVIOLET CAMERA/SPECTROSCOPE EXPERIMENT. 4-16 4.9 COSMIC RAY DETECTOR EXPERIMENT ........ 4-17 4.10 SOLAR WIND COMPOSITION EXPERIMENT ....... 4-21 4.11 LUNAR GEOLOGY ............. .... 4-21 4.12 SOIL MECHANICS EXPERIMENT ........... 4-24 5.0 INFLIGHT SCIENCE AND P_OTOGRAPHY ......... 5-1 5.1 GAMMA-RAY SPECTROMETER EXPERIMENT ...... 5-1 5.2 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE EXPERIMENT ........ 5-2 5.3 ALPHA-PARTICLE EXPERIMENT .......... 5-3 5.4 MASS SPECTROMETER EXPERIMENT ........ 5-4 5.5 PARTICLES AND FIELDS SUBSATELLITE EXPERIMENTS 5-4 5.6 S-BA_D TRANSPONDER EXPERIMENT ........ 5-6 iv Se et ion Page 5.7 DOWN-LINK BISTATIC RADAR OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOON .................. 5-6 5.8 SERVICE MODULE ORBITAL PHOTOGRAPHY ....... 5-7 5.9 COMMAND MODULE ORBITAL PHOTOGRAPHY ....... 5-12 5.10 VISUAL OBSERVATIONS FROM LUNAR ORBIT ...... 5-14 5.11 ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOGRAPHY - EARTH AND MOON .... 5-14 5.12 GEGENSCHEIN FROM LUNAR ORBIT .......... 5-15 5.13 SKYLAB CONTAMINATION STUDY ........... 5-15 5.14 APOLLO WINDOW METEOROID EXPERIMENT ....... 5-16 5.15 VISUAL LIGHT FLASH PHENOMENON .......... 5-18 5.16 MICROBIAL RESPONSE IN SPACE ENVIRONMENT ..... 5-18 5.17 BIOSTACK EXPERIMENT .............. 5-19 5.18 BONE MINERAL MEASUREMENT ........... 5-19 5.19 FLUID ELECTE_PHORESIS IN SPACE DEMONSTRATION . 5-20 6.0 COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE PERFORMANCE ........ 6-1 •L 6.1 THERMAL, STRUCTURES AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS . 6-1 6.2 ELECTRICAL POWER AND FUEL CELLS ......... 6-2 6.3 CRYOGENIC STORAGE ............... 6-3 6.4 COMMUNICATIONS ................. 6-3 6.5 INSTRUMENTATION ................. 6-4 6.6 GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION AND CONTROL ........ 6-5 6.7 PROPULSION ................... 6-i0 6.8 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM AND CREW STATION EQUIPMENT ............... 6-ii 6.9 CONTROLS AND DISPLAYS ............ 6-14 6.10 EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY EQUIPMENT ...... 6-14 6. ii CONSUMABLES .................. 6-15 7.0 LUNAR MODULE PERFORMANCE ............. 7-1 7.1 THERMAL, STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 7-1 7 •2 ELECTRICAL POWER ............ 7-2 7 •3 COMMUNICATIONS ........... ... 7-2 v Sect ion Page 7.4 RADAR ...................... 7-'3 7.5 GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION AND CONTROL ........ 7-4 7.6 PROPUIS ION ................... 7-10 7.7 ENV]]_ONMENTAL CONTROL ............. 7- ii 7 •8 CONSUMABLES ................... 7-13 8.0 LUNAR SURFACE EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE ........... 8-1 8.1 LUNSLR ROVING VEHICLE ........... 8-1 8.2 LUNI_R COMMUNICATIONS RELAY UNIT AND GROUND COMMANDED TELEVISION ASSEMBLY ......... 8-2 8.3 EXTRAVEHICULAR MOBILITY UNIT ........... 8-3 9.0 PILOT 'S REPORT ................... 9-i 9- i TRAINING ................. 9-1 9.2 LAUNCH ...................... 9-3 9.3 EARTH ORBITAL FLIGHT ............... 9-4 9.4 TRAfl_SLUNAR INJECTION .............. 9-5 9 •5 TRAJ_SLUNAR FLIGHT ................ 9-5 9.6 LUNAR ORBITAL OPERATIONS PRIOR _) DESCENT .... 9-12 9.7 POWERED DESCENT AND LANDING ........... 9-17 9.8 LUNAR SURFACE OPERATIONS ........... 9-19 9.9 LUNAR ORBITAL SOLO OPERATIONS .......... 9-43 9.10 ASCF,NT RENDEZVOUS AND DOCKING .......... 9-47 9.11 LUNAR ORBITAL OPERATIONS - DOCKING TO TRANSEARTH INJECTION ............ 9-49 9.12 TRAI_ISEARTH FLIGHT ................ 9-52 9.13 ENTRY, LANDING AND RECOVERY ........... 9-56 9.14 GEI_ERAL OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .... 9-57 9.15 CREW EVALUATION OF THE MISSION ......... 9-77 i0.0 BIOMEDICAL EVALUATION ................. i0-i i0.i BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA ............ i0-i i0.2 MEDICAL OBSERVATIONS .............. 10-4 vi Section Page i0.3 PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS .............. 10-14 10.4 IMPROVED GAS/WATER SEPARATOR AND FECAL COLLECTION BAG ........ 10-14 i0.5 APOLLO TIME AND MOTION STUDY ...... 10-15 i0.6 STEREOMETR!C BODY VOLUME MEASUREMENT .... 10-15 10.7 VESTIBULAR FUNCTION TESTS ............ i0-16 ii.0 MISSION SUPPORT PERFORMANCE .............. ii-i Ii.i FLIGHT CONTROL ................. ii-i ii. 2 NETWORK ..................... ii-2 ii.3 RECOVERY OPERATIONS ............... i!-2 12.0 ASSESSMENT OF MISSION OBJECTIVES ........... 12-i 13.0 LAUNCH PHASE SUMMARY ................. 13-i 13.1 WEATHER CONDITIONS ............... 13-i 13.2 ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY ........... 13-i 13.3 LAUNCH VEHICLE PERFORMANCE ........... 13-i 14.0 ANOMALY SUMMARY .................... 14-i 14.1 COMM_a_NDAND SERVICE MODULE ANOMALIES ...... 14-i 14.2 LUNAR MODULE ANOMALIES ............. 14-41 14.3 GOVERNMENT FURNISHED EQUIPMENT ANOMALIES .... 14-66 14.4 LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS EQUIPMENT ANOMALIES . 14-80 14.5 ORBITAL EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT ANOMALIES ..... 14-100 14.6 LUNAR ROVING VEHICLE ANOMALIES ......... 14-115 15.0 CONCLUSIONS ................. 15-1 APPENDIX A - VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION ....... A-I A.I COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULES ........... A-I A. 2 LUNAR MODULE .................. A-4 A.3 LUNAR SURFACE MOBILITY SYSTEMS .......... A-5 A. 4 EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT ........... A-7 A. 5 MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS ......... A-18 A. 6 MASS PROPERTIES ............. A-22 vii z Section Page APPENDIX B - SPACECRAFT KISTORIES ............. B-I APPENDIX C . POSTFLIGHT TESTING ............ C-I APPENDIX D - DATA AVAILABILITY ................ D-I APPENDIX E - MISSION REPORT SUPPLEMENTS ........... E-I APPENDIX F - GLOSSARY .................. F-I REFERENCES ........................... R-I i-I i. 0 SUMMARY The Apollo 16 space vehicle was launched from the Kennedy Space Cen- ter (Launch Complex 39A) at 12:54:00 p.m.e.s.t. (17:54:00 G.m.t.) on April 16, 1972. The crew for this mission were Captain John W. Young, Commander; Lt. Commander Thomas K. Mattingly II, Command Module Pilot ; and Lt. Colonel Charles M. Duke, Jr., Lunar Module Pilot. The spacecraft/S-IVB combination was inserted into an earth parking orbit for spacecraft systems checkout and preparation for translunar in- jection. Following the translunar injection maneuver, the command and service modules were separated from the S-IVB for lunar module docking and ejection. 0ne midcourse correction was required during the trans- lunar phase to achieve the desired lunar orbit insertion maneuver condi- tions. The S-IVB impact