m TAPAL AIMS AND PAPAL CLAIMS WITH REMARKS ON APOSTOLIC SUCCESSION E. GARNET MAN BABKIBTBE-AT-LAW ' LONDON SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO., Lra. PATERNOSTER SQUARE 1902 PRINTED BY COWAN & Co., LTD. PERTH 1481900 CONTENTS CHAP. I Introduction - - - -- -- 1 IE Argument - - -- - - -12 in Claims ------- 18 Papal IV Whither to direct our steps - - - 35 V The biblical grounds for Peter's supremacy considered ...... 39 VI Did Peter himself act as if he were sole infal- lible Yicar of Christ ? Did he ever assert a claim to be Universal Bishop, or did he, by word or deed, place himself above the other Apostles, or show that he aspired to temporal or spiritual supremacy over* the - - - - whole world? . .-.-_- 58 VH Was Peter ever Bidfioip of Rome ?-> - - 65 VILE Did the AposjSes or Peters contemporaries . appear to acknowledge his Suprem&cy - 73 IX PART I. Did the bishops of Borne, .during the first three centuries, assert .., claims to universal supremacy now arrogated by their successors - - - - - 82 PART II. The same continued - - - 91 Is there evidence to that of X show the popes .-,.. ~ Borne are the actual direct successors of St. Peter? - - - - - - 106 XI Is there evidence that Peter transmitted any extraordinary or divine power to the bishops of Borne in preference to any ^ other bishops? - - - - - 122 IV CONTENTS CHAP. '. PAGE XII Did the early Fathers and writers acknow- ledge any, and if any, what kind of, supre- macy in the bishops of Rome before the ._ <> time of Barnabas ? - - - ... 131 XTTT Did the early Fathers and contemporary writers acknowledge the supremacy .of the " Roman bishops from the time of Barnabas 139 XIV Did the Fathers and contemporary writers acknowledge the pretensions of the bishops of Rome from the time of TertuUian ? - 148 - - XV Did the early Synods or Councils to A.D. 325 acknowledge the supremacy of the bishops ' s~ of Rome ?--..-. 164 -.. XVI Did all' the Synods or Councils summoned in the first eight centuries unanimously the of the acknowledge supremacy bishops " of Rome? - 173 XVH On the value of Tradition - - - - 187 XVIH PART L On Papal Forgeries - 199 ' - PART II. The same continued- -. 209 XTX The Church from the Roman Catholic view 215 XX On the Universal Church - - - - 225 XXI The unity and constitution of the Church - 232 * XXTT The rise of the papal power to A.D. 325 - 237 XX ITT The rise of the papal power from A.D. 325 - 246 XXTV The rise of the papal power from A.D". 500 - 251 XXV The Inquisition and papal persecutions - 260 XXVl The development of the spiritual power of the papacy - - ... - . 265 XXVII Has Roman Catholicism been a blessing to i, those countries who have submitted -to its yoke?. - - - - - - 283 'XXVIII The papacy in regard to its relations with England- - - - - - 286 ERRATA Page 3, for Monsieur read Monsignor. Page 9, for Lugdoni read Lugduni. Page 9, for Lignori read Liguori. Page 41, for Liddle read Liddell. Page 47, for Felius read Films. Page 49, for partae read portae. Page 49, for praevatiturae read prsevalituras. Page 79, for Delarne read Delarue. ' Page 79, for xari(rX9(rovari rea<^ xaTtcrXv(r0va t delete Greek words from /xmi/ to Hj>a\\ercuvap Page 109, for centurio read centum. Page in, for omna read omnia. Page 210, for Ainger read Angers. Page 236, for coputata read copulata. PAPAL AIMS AND PAPAL CLAIMS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION JBoofc to tbe tRea&er Judge not before Thou know mine intent, But read me throughout, And then say thy fill ; As thou in opinion Art minded and bent, Whether it be Either good or ill. Cranmer. IN a letter entitled "The Divine Teacher," written by Mr. Humphrey, Jesuit priest, the writer attempts to induce a "Protestant" to change her creed for ris own; and after dilating upon "Moral Certainty and Physical -Certainty," asserts that, above all these certainties; there is one which excludes all doubt: 'the certainty of divine faith." He finishes by 2 PAPAL AIMS AND PAPAL CLAIMS declaring that he is certain, amongst other things, that "the Holy Father is the Son's Vicar, and in- fallible" and he asks why it is that he, a Catholic, :all in common with Catholics, believes this doctrine ; and that his correspondent, in common with all Protestants, disbelieves in it ? and he gives as the reason that, apart from all affirmation or belief on the one hand, and from all denial or disbelief on the other, he has with the former the grace or light of to Divine Faith (denied apparently Protestants) ; and he boasts that he sees the truth by a super- added supernatural light, the light of divine faith, a quality bestowed by his Maker on his soul. Having this, he has no disposition to inquire, he has no fear or suspicion of the possible truth of the opposite; and further, no arguments will avail to persuade him of the truth of the opposite ! Such being his opinion, it is sufficiently clear that he does not wish to search after divine truth ; in fact, he boasts that he has found it: and yet he commences his letter with an anomaly ! "MY DEAR FRIEND, You are searching after divine truth, and I congratulate you, for sooner or later you will most certainly find it," etc., etc. From his pamphlet I gather that he considers he has found divine truth without inquiry, and by so the special grace of God ; and being convinced, nothing will change him. I congratulate him on his happy frame of mind, and taking his letter, as INTRODUCTION 3 addressed to myself, with anxious fear and trembling, I continue my researches after truth, in hopes of finding that special gift, which certainly has not been hitherto vouchsafed to me, namely "seeing as Mr. Humphrey sees." I am not at once carried away by his personal asseverations that he has acquired divine light, because I have seen, met, conversed with, and read of many good and devout men, who have also in as many words asserted this identical belief. Each in his turn has felt convinced that the divine light has been shed on him. So certain were the Christian martyrs of the Reformation on that point, that they allowed themselves to be burnt by the Koman Catholics, and with their last breath gave out praise and glory to their Saviour Christ. At all times, amongst Anglican Churchmen and Non-Conformists the same proud boast is made. However, not only amongst Christians is this boast of divine knowledge common, but the same feeling has . actuated the Hindu, the Mohammedan, the Buddhist and the Brahmin. When in India, 1 once stood by the death-bed of an old Brahmin gentleman, as he was brought down to the Ganges to die, and asked him, "Is it peace, " " my father ? He whispered, It is peace, my son." His conviction as to his having "divine" light was probably as strong in him as in Mr. Humphrey. And yet Mr. Humphrey would not accept his con- 4 PAPAL AIMS AND PAPAL CLAIMS viction. Why, then, should a searcher after truth accept the dictum of the one more than that of a multitude of others who believe differently with the same certitude ? They are as honest and upright as those of Mr. Humphrey's faith. As to the duty of search, and the blessing promised thereunto, we are enjoined in many precepts of Holy Scripture to practise it. " I allude to such passages as, Those that seek me " " shall find Seek first the early me ; ye Kingdom " of and his " Seek those God righteousness ; things which are above." While at the same time we do not forget the mingled certainty and humility of " St. Paul : I therefore so not as run, uncertainly ; so fight I, not as one that beateth the air, but I under and ib into keep my body, bring subjection ; lest that by any means, when I have preached to others, I myself "should be a castaway." " * Tertullian writes : The precept, Seek and ye shall find,' was addressed to all. You must consider ' what ye have to seek what ye have to seek,' then, ' is that which Christ has taught,' and you must go on seeking until such time as ye find, and be- lieve when thou hast found." (De Preescrip. Hser. cap. ix., x.) In Purcell's "Life of Manning," p. 317, vol. ii, there appears a letter written by the then Secretary to the Pope, Monsieur Talbot, which gives us a good insight into the position which the Eoman clergy INTRODUCTION 5 consider that the laity should hold in regard to search in sacred matters. This letter had been called forth by the attitude taken up by the English laity and the Staffordshire Club with regard to Dr. Newman. It is as follows : " Vatican, "April 25, 1867. " MY DEAR ARCHBISHOP, I cannot help writing to you again about the address of the English laity, etc., etc. I look upon the address of the English laity as the most offensive 'production that has in the of Dr. Milner appeared England since times ; and if a check be not placed on the laity of England, they will .be the rulers of the Catholic Church in England, instead of the Holy Episcopate. "Now it is quite true that a cloud has been hanging over Dr. Newman in Rome, ever since the Bishop of Newport delated him to Rome for heresy in his article in the Rambler on consulting the laity on matters of faith, etc., etc. Now that a set of laymen, with Mr. Monsell at their head, should have the audacity to say that a blow that touches Dr.