Contents Editor ： Hisao Makino (Dr.) Director Consulting & Solution Team CS Promotion Division Central CS Promotion Office Hiromitsu Matsuda Senior Research Scientist Chemical Energy Engineering Dept. Yokosuka Research Laboratory Chapter1 General Features and Properties of Coal ……………… 1 1-1 Reserves of Coal and Distribution of Coal Mine …………………… 3 1-2 Method of Classification ………………………………………………… 4 1-3 Coal Properties ……………………………………………………………… 5 Chapter2 Overview of Coal Utilization Systems …………………… 7 2-1 Various Power Generation System Using Coal …………………… 9 2-2 Characteristics of Pulverized Coal Combustion Power Plant System ………………………………………………………… 12 Chapter3 Developments and Research Subject of Pulverized Coal Fired Power Plant ………………………… 15 3-1 Developments of Pulverized Coal Fired Power Plant ……………… 17 3-2 Subjects Toward the Development of Advanced Pulverized Coal Fired Power Plants …………………………………… 19 Chapter4 Adaptability Evaluation on Fuel for Pulverized Coal Fired Power Plants …………………………… 21 4-1 Research Background ……………………………………………………… 23 4-2 Evaluation Method for the Adaptability of Coal for Power Generation………………………………………………… 23 4-3 Technology of Extending Applicable Coals ………………………… 30 4-4 Future Plan …………………………………………………………………… 37 Chapter5 High Efficiency of Pulverized Coal Fired Power Plants …… 39 5-1 Research Background ……………………………………………………… 41 5-2 History of Steam Temperature and Pressure Improvement …… 42 5-3 Advancement of High Temperature Materials ……………………… 44 5-4 Improvement of Plant Efficiency by Reduction of House Load (Auxiliary Power) …………………………………………… 50 5-5 Future Plan …………………………………………………………………… 51 Chapter6 Improvement of Environmental Technology of Pulverized Coal Combustion Power Plants ………………… 53 6-1 Research Background ……………………………………………………… 55 6-2 Characteristics of Flue Gas Treatment System …………………… 56 6-3 Low NOx Combustion Technologies …………………………………… 57 6-4 De-NOx Technology ………………………………………………………… 64 6-5 Dust Removal Technology ……………………………………………… 66 6-6 Desulfurization Technology ……………………………………………… 69 6-7 Future Plan …………………………………………………………………… 71 Column 1: Development of Continuous Speciation Monitor of Mercury ………………………………………………… 72 Chapter7 Improvement of Operability for Pulverized Coal Fired Power Plants …………………………………………… 73 7-1 Research Background ……………………………………………………… 75 7-2 Improvement of Low Load Combustion Stability …………………… 76 7-3 Combination with Low NOx Combustion ……………………………… 80 7-4 Future Plan …………………………………………………………………… 85 Column 2: Technology for an On-line Apparatus Measuring Pulver- ized Coal Particle Size Distribution and Concentration … 87 Chapter8 Diversification of Coal Rank for Thermal Power Station …89 8-1 Background …………………………………………………………………… 91 8-2 Utilization of Low Rank Coals …………………………………………… 91 8-3 Utilization of High Fuel Ratio Coals ……………………………………101 8-4 Future Plan ……………………………………………………………………102 Column 3:The Reforming Technologies of High Ash/Water Content Coal …………………………………………………………104 Chapter9 Advanced Measurement Method and Numerical Analysis of the Pulverized Coal Combustion Field …………105 9-1 Background of the Study ……………………………………………………107 9-2 Non-invasive Measurement in Combustion Flames Using the Laser-based Measurement……………………………………107 9-3 Technology of Numerical Analysis ………………………………………112 9-4 Future Plan ………………………………………………………………………116 Chapter10 Future Subjects for Advancement of Pulverized Coal Combustion Power Generation …………117 10-1 Future Role and Operation Characteristics of the Pulverized Coal Combustion Power Generation ……………………119 10-2 Future Subjects on the Pulverized Coal Combusition Power Generation ……………………………………………………………………119 10-3 Role and Functions of the Multi Fuel And Multi Burner Equipment for Advanced Combustion Research for the Development of Ideal No Pollutant Emission Technology (MARINE furnace). …………………………………………………………121 Cover explanation MARINE furnace Multi Fuel and Multi-burner Equipment for Advanced Combustion Research for the Development of Ideal No Pollutant Emission Technology (MARINE) BEACH furnace Basic Equipment for Advanced Combustion Technology using Horizontal Furnace and Single Burner (BEACH) Chapter 1General Features and Properties of Coal Chapter 1 General Features and Properties of Coal ● Contents 1-1 Reserves of Coal and Distribution of Coal Mine ………………………………………………………………………… 3 1-2 Method of Classification …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 1-3 Coal Properties ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5 Hisao Makino (Dr.) Director Consulting & Solution Team CS Promotion Division Central CS Promotion Office 2 １－１ Reserves of Coal and Distribution of Coal Mine It is considered that plants, a origin of coal, were 600� 300� buried through earth orogenic movement and were Recoverable Reserves� Lignite R/P ratio changed into charcoal materials over the years and 500� 250� ultimately became coal. This process, called Sub-Bituminous coalification, shows a tendency that the ratio of carbon 400� 200� in coal increases with the longer period. The calorific 300� 150� value which is the most important characteristics for use of coal as energy depends on coal properties and 200� 100� tonnes of Oil Equivalent) 9 the coal has been widely used as fuel particularly since Recoverable Reserves� Bituminous (10 the Industrial Revolution. The coal that is currently 100� 50� Reserves/Production ratio (years) used in Japan has a very high calorific value of about 7000 kcal/kg (29.5 MJ/kg). 0 0 COAL OIL� Natural Gas (Sources� : World Energy Council 1998) One of the major features of coal is that coal has a much more the estimated amount of deposits than Fig.1-1-1 Recoverable Reserves of Fossil Fuel other fossil fuels. Fig. 1-1-1 shows reserves of various fossil fuels (100 million tons of oil equivalent) (1). In the fuel, can be calculated by the comparison of proved figure, proved coal reserves represent a technically reserves and the consumption of a fuel for a year will and economically mining quantity. For reference, reveal. Coal is estimated to be available for more than proven reserves mean a quantity in which coal is 200 years in future and is considered to be important verified though there is no benefit in mining the coal energy that can be supplied in the very long term. under the current technology levels. On either reserve basis, it is confirmed that coal has extremely greater Another feature of coal is that coal is produced reserves than other fossil fuels, several times to 10 widely from whole of the world. Fig. 1-1-2 shows a times in particular principal energy resources, for proved reserve of coal by geographic area (100 million example oil and naturals gas. The minable years of the tons of bituminous coal equivalent). Obviously, coal is Europe� 112.3 Russian � Federation� North America� 127.5 China� 212.6 Middle East� 92.2 0.2 Asia & Pacific region� exclude China, India,� Australia, Indonesia� Africa 6.0 41.3 India� Indonesia� Lignite South America� 73.7 3.5 18.1 Sub-� 97.9 bituminous 509.5 South Africa� 209.3 Bituminous 55.3 Australia 69.3 9 (unit: billion tonnes of bituminous coal equivalent)� Total World (10 tonnes) Sources: Survey of Energy Resources/World Energy Council 1998 Fig.1-1-2 Proved Recoverable Researves of Coal in the World at End-1996 3 widely produced in various continents such as Furthermore, the coal properties are affected from America, Asia, Europe, Africa and Australia. This differences of the coalification years of coal, there is a indicates that coal can be expected more stable supply very wide variety of coal kinds. In particular, coal is due to a proved reserve and a lot of supply nations. solid, so it is impossible to easily adjust the coal properties through refinery, for instance, oil The worldwide distribution of coal means that coal processing, and it is basically necessary to develop properties has a wide range too. The plant type optimal utilization methods according to the individual varies with the difference of climate and soil coal properties. This is one of the most important characteristics which vary with the location of the issues for coal utilization. Based on this viewpoint, it world. The difference of the characteristics of plant becomes very important to correctly identify the coal and soil cause the difference of coal properties. properties and logically classify coal kinds. １－２ Method of Classification Acoal classification is usually based on the progress Table 1-2-1 Classification of coal (JIS M1002) of coalification in which plants are changed into Classification Calorific value� coal, and is called a classification on coalification ranks. Agglomerating� (Dry ash free basis)�Fuel ratio character� Class Group kJ/kg (kcal/kg) � ur country employs a classification method that Anthracite� A1 non � ─� 4.0＜� O (A) agglomerating combines two factors as shown in Table 1-2-1. The A2 B 35,160� anthracite and the bituminous coal sufficiently 1 High� Bituminous� B2 (8,400) agglomerating carbonized are classified on a fuel ratio (a weight ratio (B, C) 33,910≦35,160＞� C ─� agglomerating of fixed carbon to volatile matter), while the lignite, the (8,100≦8,400＞) 32,650≦33,910＞� Low� subbituminous coal and the bituminous coal D ─� Sub-bituminous� (7,800≦8,100＞) agglomerating insufficiently carbonized are classified on their calorific (D, E) 30,560≦32,650＞� non � E ─� values (2). From this definition, coal with a higher (7,300≦7,800＞) agglomerating 29,470≦30,560＞� F1 ─� carbonized rank will be higher fuel ratios and have Lignite� (6,800≦7,300＞) non � higher calorific values. In the U.S.,