Rwanda 2015 | Comprehensive food security and vulnerability analysis Data collected in April – May 2015 Rwanda: Comprehensive Food Security Analysis 2015 (Data collected in April-May 2015) Prepared by Lisa Hjelm, WFP Consultant Edited by Katy Williams/Lorna Moris, WFP Consultant Survey design, data processing, analysis and mapping done by the WFP Rwanda VAM team: Jean- Paul Dushimumuremyi, Lisa Hjelm, Nadia Musaninkindi and Jules Rugwiro M. with technical support from Rogerio Bonifacio (WFP spatial analyst). Members of the technical committee contributed technically throughout the process: Jean Marie Vianney Nyabyenda, Jean Baptiste Habyarimana and Telesphore Ntivuguruzwa of MINAGRI and Juvenal Ntambara of NISR. Simon Dradri, Tobias Flaemig, Jo Jacobsen, Allison Oman, Cyprian Ouma, Aysha Twose and Elliot Vhurumuku of WFP provided additional input and valuable comments on the report. Financial support for this study was provided by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), WFP and the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources. Other people who contributed technically to the CFSVA 2015 include: Tarik Kubach of EU, Gaetan Heri of FAO, Sergio Regi, Mahamadou Tanimoune and Rossella Bottone of WFP March 2016 © World Food Programme, VAM Food Security Analysis Cover Photos: © John Paul Sesonga of WFP The 2015 Rwanda CFSVA is available at http://www.wfp.org/food-security, www.statistics.gov.rw United Nations World Food Programme Headquarters: Via C.G. Viola 68, Parco dei Medici, 00148, Rome, Italy. For information about the Food Security Analysis/VAM, contact [email protected] For questions or comments concerning any aspect of the survey and this report please contact: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda Yusuf Murangwa [email protected] Dominique Habimana [email protected] Juvenal Ntambara [email protected] Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources Innocent Musabyimana [email protected] Octave Semwaga [email protected] Jean-Marie Vianney Nyabyenda [email protected] World Food Programme Rwanda Jean-Pierre de Margerie [email protected] Abdurrahim Siddiqui [email protected] Jean-Paul Dushimumuremyi [email protected] World Food Programme Regional Bureau, Nairobi Elliot Vhurumuku [email protected] World Food Programme Rome Arif Husain [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS List of figures, tables and maps........................................................................................................ iv Figures ............................................................................................................................................. iv Tables .............................................................................................................................................. vi Maps ............................................................................................................................................... vii Acronyms and abbreviations.............................................................................................................viii Foreword .......................................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ xii Key findings ...................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Background ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Macro-economic context ................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Social and development context ........................................................................................ 7 1.3 Poverty levels ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Income equality ................................................................................................................. 8 1.5 Gender ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.6 Government development polices ..................................................................................... 8 1.6.1 Vision 2020 ................................................................................................................. 8 1.6.2 Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategies (EDPRS 1 and 2) ................ 9 1.7 Food security trends......................................................................................................... 10 2. Rationale and objectives ......................................................................................................... 11 3. Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 12 3.1 The food security and nutritional conceptual framework ................................................. 12 3.2 Food security concepts ..................................................................................................... 13 3.2.1 Food security ............................................................................................................ 13 3.2.2 Nutritional status and nutritional security ................................................................ 13 3.3 Primary data collection .................................................................................................... 13 3.3.1 Food security indicators............................................................................................ 14 3.4 Secondary data collection ................................................................................................ 16 3.5 Study limitations .............................................................................................................. 16 3.5.1 Sample sizes ............................................................................................................. 16 3.5.2 Comparison with previous CFSVA surveys ................................................................. 16 4. Food availability, markets and production .............................................................................. 17 4.1 Domestic food production ................................................................................................ 17 4.2 Food stocks ...................................................................................................................... 20 4.3 Market environment and trade ........................................................................................ 20 i 4.3.1 Import/exports ......................................................................................................... 20 4.4 Market access, market dependence and purchasing behaviour of households ................. 22 4.4.1 Household market participation ............................................................................... 22 4.4.2 Physical access to market ......................................................................................... 25 4.4.3 Household Food access issues .................................................................................. 26 4.4.1 Terms of trade .......................................................................................................... 27 4.5 Market performance ........................................................................................................ 27 4.5.1 General trade flows .................................................................................................. 27 4.5.2 CPI/Inflation ............................................................................................................. 29 4.5.3 Price trends and seasonality analysis ........................................................................ 29 4.5.4 Price anomalies ........................................................................................................ 31 4.5.5 Market integration analysis ...................................................................................... 31 5. The state of food security in Rwanda ...................................................................................... 33 5.1 Household food security .................................................................................................. 33 5.1.1 Food consumption .................................................................................................... 38 5.1.2 Household dietary diversity ...................................................................................... 40 5.1.3 Nutritional value of food items consumed ................................................................ 41 5.2 Food security based on the Food Consumption Score ....................................................... 44 6. Who are the food insecure? .................................................................................................... 46 6.1 Household demographics ................................................................................................. 46 6.2 Characteristics of household head ...................................................................................