Notre Dame Law Review Volume 43 | Issue 5 Article 3 1-1-1968 Church-State: A Legal Survey--1966--1968 Joseph P. Kennedy Merle F. Wilberding Laurent L. Rousseau Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Joseph P. Kennedy, Merle F. Wilberding & Laurent L. Rousseau, Church-State: A Legal Survey--1966--1968, 43 Notre Dame L. Rev. 684 (1968). Available at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol43/iss5/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Notre Dame Law Review by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SURVEY CHURCH-STATE: A LEGAL SURVEY - 1966-68 CONTENTS I. Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ----- -686 II. Abortion ---.-------------------------.......................---------------------------------- - ---- 686 A. Introduction -------------------------.-.-------.........................-------------------------- 686 B. Abortion Laws in the United States ---------------------------------.-------687 1. Background --------------------------------------------------------------------------------687 2. Present Laws ------------------------------------------------------------------------------688 3. Practice under Present Laws -------------------------...-----------------------689 C. Proposals for Reform ------------------------------------------------------------------------694 1. Model Penal Code ---------------------------------------.....-------------------------694 2. State Legislation --------------------------------------------------------------------------694 D. The Abortion Debate ---------.-.--------------..........................----------------- 695 1. Arguments for these Reforms -------------------..............-----------------695 2. Arguments against these Reforms ------------------------------------------701 a. The Composition of the Opposition -------------..........------------ 701 b. Catholic Views on the Nature of the Fetus -----------------------702 c. Criticism of Reform in General -------------------------------------- 703 d. Criticism of Each Proposed Ground -------------------------------- 705 E. Can this Debate be Resolved? ---------------------------------------------------707 1. Legal Status of the Fetus --------------------------------------------------------707 2. Is Reform Consistent with the Legal Status of the Fetus? -------710 F. Perspective for the Future ------------------------..................----------------- 712 1. Goals of Reformers ----------------------------------------------------------------712 2. Future Developments ----------------------------------------------------------.--...712 a. Abortifacient Pills ------------------------------------------------------------712 b. Contraceptives ----------------------------------------------------------- 713 III. Artificial Insemination ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 715 A. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 715, B. Theoretical Problems --------------------------------------------.-------------------716 1. M edical ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------ 716 a. Procedure ---.-.------------.......................------------------------------------ 716 b. Donors --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -717 c. Sperm Banks -------------------------------------------------------------------718 2. Legal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -718 3. Religious -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ -719 a. Roman Catholic -----------------------------------------------................... .719 b. Protestant ----------------------------------------------------------------------------719 c. Jewish -------------------------------------------......------------------------- 720 4. Social ---...--.-.--------------......................----------------------------------------- 720 [Vol. 43:684] SURVEY C. Case Law ---------------------------------------------------.---------------------------------720 D. Legislation--------------------------------.-------...................--------------------- --... 722 1. Introduction ------------------------------------...........-----......................... .722 2. Implied Statutory Authority -------------.........................--------------- 722 3. Legitimacy Statutes ---...........................---------------------------------- 723 4. Perspective for the Future ----------------------...................------- ---- 724 E. Conclusion ------------------------------------------- ........------------------------------- 724 IV. Anti-Miscegenation ..-------.-.---------------------..........................-------------------- 725 V. The Study of Religion in the State University ---------------------------------726 A. Introduction -------...-..-.----------------------..................--------------------..---. 726 B. Constitutionality ---.-.-- ...--------------.-.--.....................-------------------- -.-. 727 C. Theoretical Justification - The Function of a University -------- 730 D. Practical Problems -------------------------..............---------------------------------- 731 E. Existing Practice ---...---------.........................----------------------------------- 732 1. Classification of Programs ------------------------------------------------------732 2. Specific Examples --------------.--.....................--------------- ------ 733 F. Perspective for the Future --------------------------------------------- ---------.....733 G. Conclusion -...-----------------------.......................------------------------ -..- --- - 734 VI. Governmental Aid to Elementary and Secondary Education --....-------- 734 A. Introduction ---------------------------.-..-.------..................---------- - --- ---- 734 1. The Constitutionality of Governmental Aid ---------......-------------- 735 a. Federal Constitution -------...-----------.........................--------------- 735 b. State Constitutions ----------------------------------------------------- 739 2. Availability of Governmental Aid -----------------------.........-------- 739 a. Necessity of Private Schools -------------------.............------------- 740 b. Necessity of Aid -------------------------------------------------------------- 740 c. Taxpayer Savings --------------------------.....................------ ----- 741 d. Effect on Public Schools -------.----............................-------------741 e. Effect on Integration -----------------................----------------- 743 3. Types of State Aid .---....-------------..........................----------- 744 a. Textbooks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------744 b. Transportation ----------------------------------------------------------------------745 c. Shared Time -------------------------------------------------------------------------747 d. Auxiliary Services ---...---.......................------------------------------- 748 4. Federal Aid ..---.......--------------------............................------------- 749 a. Title I-Assistance for Educationally Disadvantaged Children --------------------------------------------- ......------------------..- --- - 750 b. Title II-Library Resources and Textbooks ----------------. 752 c. Title III-Supplementary Education Centers and Services 752 5. Frothingham v. Mellon-A Judicial Roadblock -----------...--- 753 a. Judicial Attack ----------------------------------------------------------------------754 b. Legislative Attack --------------------------------------------------------------755 c. Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------756 VII. Aid to Religion through Taxation ----------------------------------------------------756 A. Types of Tax Aid --------------------------------------------------.-------------------757 NOTRE DAME LAWYER [june, 1968] 1. Direct Tax Aid ----------------------------------------------------------------------------757 a. Federal Tax Exemptions --------------------------------------------------757 b. State and Municipal Exemptions --------------------------------------759 2. Indirect Tax Aid ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 760 B. The Constitutionality of Tax Aid ----------------------------------------.. 761 1. Direct Tax Aid -------.-.---------------------------.................--------------..- 761 2. Indirect Tax Aid ------------------------------------------------------------------------762 VIII. Free Exercise and the Police Power-Current Developments -------- 764 A. Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------....--------------------764 B. The Amish-A Case Study in Accommodation and Suppression .... 764 1. Folk Culture -------------------------------------------------------------------------------764 2. Theology and Religious Rubrics -----------------................----------- 765 3. Internal Regulation and Exterior Threats ............----------------- 766 4. Compulsory Education's Threat to Amish Culture -------------------768 5. Comparative Legal Treatment of Amish-Kansas, Iowa, Indiana ---------------------------------------