Map 67 Antiochia Compiled by P.-L. Gatier (Syria) and T. Sinclair, 1997 with the assistance of M. Ballance Introduction Turkey Eastern Cilicia, known as Kilikia II in Late Roman times, is a mixture of rugged mountains and a very fertile coastal plain. A century ago, much of this plain was swampy, malarial and underpopulated. Since then, drainage and irrigation have brought prosperity. While bearing in mind the more limited resources available, it is probably fair to assume that for much of antiquity conditions resembled those of a century ago. In such flat country there must have been changes in the course of the rivers: the Pyramos, for instance, seems to have had two mouths, one in roughly the present position, and the other just west of Magarsa (Map 66 G3). The positions of the main ancient settlements in the plain are all reasonably certain, although several, including Epiphaneia, Phlaouiopolis and Neronias, have yet to be confirmed epigraphically. In the mountainous areas of the Amanus and on the southern slopes of the Taurus, there may have been larger areas of forest than today; they are, after all, regions where goats and (in the more accessible parts) charcoal-burners have long been active. The fact that the map shows very few ancient settlements in these mountains is due partly to the lack of modern research; but there is no recorded ancient city that can possibly be located here, in sharp contrast to Cilicia Tracheia further west with its numerous small cities. Apart from the rift valley on the east side of the mountain range itself, the entire area east of the Amanus is rolling countryside, much of it fertile, underlain by dry, chalky rock. Above ground, the physical fabric of the ancient sites has for the most part been erased by very active, populous medieval occupation. Few inscriptions have been found, and few more are likely to be found. For various reasons, there has been little survey or excavation of classical remains, except in the vicinity of Antioch and downstream thence along the R. Orontes. The district east of the R. Euphrates is the least explored; here some ancient sites are known only from pre-World War I travel literature, and have not been checked since. There is a striking number of Late Antique monasteries in the entire region which are named in texts, but whose sites have yet to be identified. The rescue excavations in the shadow of the Atatürk dam downstream, and upstream of Samsat (ancient Samosata), have not shed light on any sites known to ancient authors. The map reflects a re-evaluation of previous scholarship on the alignment of roads and siting of way-stations and other settlements. Even so, rather than relying on traces followed over a continuous course, the basis for most identifications remains the ancient itineraries, a few observed sections of road, the known bridges, and modern toponymy. Within modern Turkey, those way-stations and settlements named only in the itineraries are all assigned to the Late Antique period; the possibility that some were established earlier remains open, however. Syria The map reflects important differences between the three regions of northern Syria today. These regions comprise the mountainous Kurd Dagh, in the north-west of the country; the so-called Limestone Massif, directly south of Kurd Dagh; and the eastern steppes. The Kurd Dagh has been completely neglected by modern research. By contrast, the regions of Antiochia and Apamea (Map 68 B3) further south continue to be the subject of many studies, not least because of the threat from rising population. These regions include the semi-deserted Limestone Massif, where hundreds of villages still display important, well-preserved ruins from the Roman and Late Antique periods. Only the more significant can be marked on a map at this scale. The eastern steppes had been neglected by travelers and archaeologists. Recently, however, the building of dams on the Euphrates has generated new surveys and excavations along its banks and those of several other rivers in the eastern plains (Qoueiq, Sadjour, Balikh). 1028 MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA Most of this work has been carried out by orientalists and prehistorians. New information is therefore emerging; at the same time, many sites are being submerged or destroyed before a satisfactory record has been made of them. Traces of Hellenistic land division appear around Beroia (Dodinet 1990). The evidence of one Roman centuriation-system is clear in many parts of the Limestone Massif; in some of its localities a different system has also been detected (Tate 1992, 235). The main landscape changes are directly connected to water resources, and have occurred during the last thirty years. The great dam of the Euphrates at Tabqa, above Raqqa (ancient Nicephorium, Map 68 G2), has created a vast lake (Lake al-Assad), which covers a large part of the valley formerly occupied by the meanders of a sinuous river with several channels. Those channels were used for irrigation and water transport as early as the Bronze Age, and most seem to have been in use during classical antiquity. As a further consequence of these modern developments, there has been a dramatic shrinkage of the large salt lakes and swamps of the sub-desert regions, the Jabboul Lake (F4) and el-Math (Map 68 D2), into which the rivers Nahr ed-Dahab (ancient Dardas) and Qoueiq (ancient Belus) empty respectively. Directory All place names are in Turkey unless otherwise noted Abbreviations Chronicon I-II Anonymi Auctoris Chronicon ad annum Christi 1234 pertinens, vol. 1, J.-B. Chabot (ed.), CSCO 56, Louvain, 1952; Anonymi Auctoris Chronicon ad a. C. 1234 pertinens, vol. 2, M. Abouna (ed.), notes and index by J.-M. Fiey, CSCO 154, Louvain, 1974. Honigmann I-II E. Honigmann, “Historische Topographie von Nordsyrien im Altertum,” I: ZDPV 46 (1923) 149-93; II: ZDPV 47 (1924) 1-64 ItEg Itinerarium Egeriae,P.Marval(ed.),Égérie, Journal de voyage, Sources chrétiennes 296, Paris, 1982 RfAC Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, Stuttgart, 1950- RLAss Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie,Berlin,1928- TIB Kilikien F. Hild and H. Hellenkemper, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 5.1, Kilikien und Isaurien,DenkWien 215, 1990 VVMonoph Vitae virorum apud Monophysitas celeberrimorum, 2 vols., E.W. Brooks (ed.), CSCO 7-8, Louvain, 1955 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference E3 Abarara RL Babarer RE Syria, cols. 1675-76 B4 Ad Orontem L at or near Samandağ RE Syria, col. 1669; ItMiller 761 (town) Ad Serta = Ariseria Ad Zociandem? = Nisibyn E1 Adatha RL Başpınar Hild 1977, 138-40 B3 Aigai(ai)/ HRL Yumurtalık, formerly TIB Kilikien 160-64; Cohen 1995, 355-57 Aegeae Ayas D4 Ain Dara H Abu Assaf 1990 Alai = (H)Alai C3 Alexandria ad Issum HRL Esentepe, in town of Hellenkemper 1986, 112-15; NPauly İskenderun Alexandreia 3 G4 Alexandros, Mon. L Houeidjit Halawa SYR BE 1995.610 D2 Aliaria RL Kömürler? RE Syria, col. 1675; T. Sinclair D2 Amanikai Pylai CHR Aslan Boğazı RE ’Αµανίδες πύλαι 2 MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA 1029 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference C3 Amanikai Pylai/ R?L/ Karanlıkkapı RE ’Αµανίδες πύλαι 3; Ciliciae Portae R?L Hellenkemper 1986, 101-102; TIB Kilikien 174 C4 Amanus M. CHRL Nur Dağları NPauly Amanos G4 Amphipolis/ HR/ Jebel Khaled, Kara Gawlikowski 1996, 128 Tourmeda/ HR/ Membidj SYR Nikatoris? HRL B2 Anazarbos/ HRL/ Anavarza Kalesi Gough 1952; TIB Kilikien 178-85; NPauly Caesarea/ R/ Ioustin(ian)oupolis L TIB Kilikien 34 § Agrippias R G3 Anthemusia? RL Suruc region RE; T. Sinclair C4 Antigonia H SW corner of Amuk plain Grainger 1990, 37-38; NPauly Antigoneia 1; T. Sinclair C4 Antiochia/ AHRL/ Antakya PECS; NPauly Antiocheia 1 Theoupolis L § Iopolis Antiochia ad Callirhoem = Edessa Antiochia ad Euphratem = Ourima Antiochia ad Pyramum = Mallos F2 Apamea HRL Keskince, formerly Wagner 1976, 75-84; NPauly Apameia 4 Tilmusa F2 Aquae (...) L Yavuzeli Archi 1971, 32-33 F1 Arianodum L Kapıdere? ItMiller 762; T. Sinclair A1 Ariaramneia/ See Map 66 [Rodandos] F3 Ariseria/ RL/ RE Syria, cols. 1668-69; T. Sinclair Ad Serta L ItMiller 768 C4 Arkeuthos/ RL/ Nahr al-Qawshit RE Syria, cols. 1555-56; T. Sinclair Iaphtha fl. L (continuation of Kara Su) H1 Arsameia pros Nymphaio HR Kocahisar, formerly Eski NPauly 2 Kahta Arulis = Ourima C3 Baiae RL Payas ItMiller 753; TIB Kilikien 206-207 Baisampse? = Chordiraza? B1 Baka L Eski Feke TIB Kilikien 207-208 Balaneion Tiberinon = Nymphaion H3 Balihu/ AC/ Balikh SYR / TKY RLAss; T. Feyter Balissus fl. R § Belias fl. L RE G3 Ballatha R Arslan Tash SYR Dillemann 1962, 181, 183 Bambyke = Hierapolis D4 Baqirha RL SYR Tchalenko 1990, 121-26; Callot 1997, 742-44 C4 *Basileia L Paslıkaya, formerly RE Syria, col. 1710-11; T. Sinclair Baslika G3 Batnae/ RL/ Suruc RE Batnai; Markopolis L Jones 1971, 221 § Anthemusia? HRL RE § *Bathnae Mari? RL ItMiller 768; T. Sinclair § [Batnon da-Serugh] L Palmer 1993, 274 §‘Bemmaris’ RL? ItMiller 768; T. Sinclair §CharaxSidou R RE Anthemusia § Sathena L Dillemann 1962, 171 1030 MAP 67 ANTIOCHIA Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference F4 Batnai RL near Tell Botnan SYR Cumont 1917, 19-23; Honigmann I.102 D4 Behyo R?L SYR Tchalenko 1990, 157-61 E4 Belus/ RL/ Qoueiq SYR Balty 1982 Chalos? fl. C Dussaud 1927, 473 E4 Beroia HRL Alep SYR NPauly 3 G3 Bersiba R Tell Ahmar SYR Dillemann 1962, 182 F4 *Beselatha L Buza'a SYR Honigmann I.109 F2 Birtha L Birecik RE 1 G2 Bithias R Üçköy? RE; T. Sinclair D4 Bizika RL Babisqa SYR Tchalenko 1990, 113-19; Feissel 1991, 296-97 B4 Burunlu R TIB Kilikien 219 B4 Bytyllion RL Karabıçak? Dussaud 1927, 425 G3 Caeciliana RL W bank R.