Appendix 1: Linguistic and Religious Minorities in Europe(1) Country Total Minority Minority Percentage populationpopulation Albania 3 255 000 Greeks 58 750 1.80 Armenia 3 580 000 Azeris 107 400 3.00 Austria 7 860 800 Croatians 22 000 0.28 Slovenes 16 000 0.20(2) Hungarians 12 000 0.15 Azerbaijan 7 145 000 Armenians 428 700 6.00 Russians 430 000 6.00 Belarus 10 259 000 Russians 1 354 200 13.2 Belgium 9 978 681 Flemish 5 747 720 57.60 Walloon (Fr) 3 243 070 32.50 Germans 66 445 0.66 Bosnia 4 479 000 Bosnians 1 957 300 43.70 (Muslim) Serbs 1 402 000 31.30 (Russian Orth.) Croatians 775 000 17.30 (Roman Cath.) Bulgaria 8 600 000 Turks 860 000 10.00 Croatia 4 601 469 Italians 19 041 0.004 Serbs 580 000 12.2(3) Cont’d 218 Appendix 219 Country Total Minority Minority Percentage populationpopulation Cyprus 701 000 Greeks 556 400 80.00 Turks 129 600 18.00 Maronites 9 000 2.00 Czech Republic 10 362 000 Slovak 425 000 4.1 Poles 70 000 0.7 Germans 49 000 0.5 Denmark 5 147 000 Germans 20 000 0.38 (N.Schleswig) Faroese 38 700 0.75 Greenlandic 50 000 1.00 Estonia 1 583 000 Russians 488 000 30.30 Finland 4 998 478 Swedes 300 000 6.00 Sami 1 730 0.0003 Former Yugoslav 2 075 000 Rep. Of Macedonia Albanians 479 033 23.10 Turks 82 000 3.90 Serbs 40 000 1.90 Sinti/Roma 47 000 2.30 Former Rep. Of 10 411 000 Yugoslavia Serbs 6 350 000 60.00 Albanians 1 890 000 18.00 Montenegrins 573 000 5.50 Hungarians 420 000 4.00 France 57 206 000 Alsatians 1 160 000 2.03 Basques 80 000 0.14 Bretons 2 600 000 4.54 Catalans 200 000 0.35 Corsicans 162 500 0.28 Flemish 100 000 0.17 Occitans 1 500 000 2.60 Cont’d 220 Appendix Country Total Minority Minority Percentage populationpopulation Georgia 5 456 000 Armenians 491 000 9.00 Russians 403 750 7.40 Azeris 278 250 5.10 Ossetians 174 600 3.20 Abkasians 92 750 1.70 Germany 79 951 000 Sorbs 60 000 0.075 Danes 30 000 0.037 Greece 10 269 000 Turks 110 000 1.07 Albanians 95 000 1.02 Hungary 10 375 300 Croats 30 000 0.30 Germans 238 630 2.30 Slovaks 103 750 1.00 Sinti/Roma 600 000 5.78 Irish Republic 3 523 410 Protestants 130 365 3.70 Italy 56 400 000 Germans 300 000 0.53(4) French 200 000 0.35(5) Slovenes 53 000 0.09 Ladins 30 000 0.05 Friauls 500 000 0.88 Latvia 2 687 000 Russians 913 600 34.00 Belarusians 120 900 4.50 Ukrainians 94 450 3.50 Poles 61 800 2.30 Lithuania 3 723 000 Russians 349 960 9.40 Poles 260 600 7.00 Moldova 4 362 000 Ukrainians 619 400 14.20 Russians 558 350 12.80 Gagauz 152 670 3.50 Bulgarians 87 250 2.00 Cont’d Appendix 221 Country Total Minority Minority Percentage populationpopulation Netherlands 14 931 000 Friesians 500 000 3.35 Norway 4 242 000 Sami 40 000 0.94 Finns 12 000 0.28 Poland 38 423 000 Germans c.500 000 1.30 Ukrainians 180 000 0.47 Belarusians 170 000 0.44 Romania 22 760 449 Hungarians 1 620 000 7.10 Sinti/Roma 410 000 1.80 Germans 119 436 0.50 Slovakia 5 288 000 Hungarians 578 000 10.90 Slovenia 2 000 000 Hungarians 100 000 0.50 Italians 2 000 0.01 Spain 39 433 942 Catalans 7 098 000 18.00 Basques 1 842 500 4.67(6) Galicians 2 366 000 6.00 Sweden 8 552 000 Finns 30 000 0.35 Sami 15 000 0.175 Switzerland 6 872 551(7) Germans 4 204 355 74.00(8) French 1 136 310 20.00(8) Italian 284 075 5.00(8) Rhaeto- 56 875 1.00(8) Romansch Ukraine 51 839 000 Russians 11 556 000 22.10 Moldavians 325 000 0.60 Tatars of the c. 300 000 0.60 Crimea Poles 219 000 0.40 Hungarians 163 000 0.30 Cont’d 222 Appendix Country Total Minority Minority Percentage populationpopulation United Kingdom 58 400 000 Of Great Britain Welsh 2 900 000 4.96(9) & Northern Scots 5 100 000 8.73(10) IrelandIrish (in 605,000 1.03(11) N. Ireland) Cornish 475 000 0.8112) (1) Estimates only. Figures for Balkan and East European countries should be treated with particular caution. In western Europe some states do not enquire after or differentiate between the population of a minority’s homeland, those who speak and write the minority language and those who only speak it. (2) c. 36–40,000 if the Windisch dialect is included. (3) Figure for 1991. Now estimated at less than 1.0 per cent. (4) Of which 287 500 in South Tyrol (1994); the remainder in Trento and Friuli-Venezia Giulia. (5) Including Franco-Provençal and Piedmontese-Occitan. (6) Native population, defined as born in the Basque Country of at least one Basque parent; includes the four provinces of Alava (Araba), Vizcaya (Biskaia), Guipuzcoa (Donostia), and Navarra (Nafaroa). (7) Of which 1 190 990 (17.1%) are non-citizens, including 381 493 Italians, 84 485 Germans, 64,192 French, and 29 123 Austrians. (8) Percentages relate to the citizen population. (9) Of which about one-quarter speak Welsh. (10) Of which about 5 800 speak Scots Gaelic. (11) Based on the number of Roman Catholics in the 1991 census, and pre- sumed to have been taught the Irish language. (12) Resident population of Cornwall, of which up to 2 000 speak Cornish with varying degrees of fluency. Appendix 2: Accessions to the Council of Europe’s European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (1992) and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (1994)(1) Member States(2) European Charter Framework Convention SignatureRatification SignatureRatification Albania Yes Austria YesYesYes Belgium Bulgaria YesYes Croatia YesYesYesYes Cyprus YesYesYes Czech Republic YesYes Denmark YesYesYes Estonia YesYes Finland YesYesYesYes France Yes Fyrom YesYesYes Georgia Germany YesYesYesYes Greece Yes Cont’d 223 224 Appendix Member States(2) European Charter Framework Convention SignatureRatification SignatureRatification Hungary YesYesYesYes Iceland YesYesYes Ireland YesYes Italy YesYes Latvia Yes Lithuania Yes Moldova YesYes NetherlandsYesYesYes NorwayYesYesYesYes Poland Yes Romania YesYesYes Russia YesYes Slovakia YesYes Slovenia YesYesYes Spain YesYesYes SwedenYes Switzerland YesYesYesYes Turkey Ukraine YesYesYes United Kingdom YesYes Armenia YesYes (1) As of 31 December 1999. (2) Only states considered in this book. Maps of Minorities 1 Minority languages in France 225 226 Maps of Minorities 2 Minority languages in Spain Maps of Minorities 227 3 Minority cultures in Italy 228 Maps of Minorities 4 Hungarian minorities in Slovakia, Romania and Serbia Maps of Minorities 229 5 The former Yugoslavia 230 Maps of Minorities 6 Regional cultural minorities in NE Europe Maps of Minorities 231 7 Regional cultural minorities in SE Europe 232 Maps of Minorities 8 German minorities in Europe between the wars Maps of Minorities 233 9 Minority languages in the United Kingdom 234 Maps of Minorities 10 The Caucasus Notes Introduction 1 UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.5 of 19 April 1994, para.6.2, quoted in Kristiansen, M.L., Special Measures for the Protection of Minorities, (Geneva: Graduate Institute of International Studies, Thesis n.556, 1997), p.36. 2 Notably those of the United Nations Sub-Committee on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities in 1950, UN Doc.E/ CN.4/Sub.2/85 (see below, p. 102), and of Professor Francesco Capotorti, Special Rapporteur of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, who defined a ‘minority’ as:’A group numerically inferior to the rest of the population of a State, in a non- dominant position, whose members – being nationals of the state – possess ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics differing from those of the rest of the population and show, if only implicitly, a sense of solidarity, directed towards preserving their culture, traditions, religion or language.’ 3 Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, Recommendation 1201 (1993) on an additional Protocol on the Rights of National Minorities to the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 1, Strasbourg. Text in World Directory of Minorities, (London: Minority Rights Group International, 1977), pp. 764–5. Note also that the Instrument for the Protection of Minority Rights adopted in November 1994 by the Countries of the Central European Initiative (Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine,) contains a very similar definition: text in European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages, Vade Mecum, (Dublin: 1998), p.82. 4 For example, the 1.8 million Turkish Gastarbeiter in Germany, 30.25 per cent of that country’s 5.8 million foreigners, and the 145 000 persons from Surinam and the Dutch Antilles in the Netherlands. Figures from Fischer Almanac, 1993. 1 Protection of Minorities before the First World War 1 See Kohn, H., The Modernity of Nationalism in Tipton, C.L. (ed.), Nationalism in the Middle Ages (New York: Rinehart and Winston, 1972) pp.7–13. 2 The term originates from the German word Eidgnoss or ‘confederate’, and referred to Swiss Protestant reformers. McGrath, A.E., A Life of John Calvin (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993) p.88.