Comenius University in Bratislava Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin Department of Anatomy BONES, JOINTS AND MUSCLES OF THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS STUDY GUIDE MUDr. Gabriela Hešková, PhD. Doc. MUDr. Desanka Výbohová, PhD. Doc. MUDr. Yvetta Mellová, CSc. Martin, 2018 2 Authors: MUDr. Gabriela Hešková, PhD. Doc. MUDr. Desanka Výbohová, PhD. Doc. MUDr. Yvetta Mellová, CSc. Authors themselves are responsible for the content and English of the chapters. Reviewers: Prof. MUDr. Marian Adamkov, CSc. MUDr. Mária Semáneková, PhD. Copyright © 2018 Authors of the Department of the Anatomy Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin of the Comenius University in Bratislava All rights reserved. ISBN 978-80-8187-049-1 788081 870491 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................................... 4 PREFACE .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 8 SHORT INTRODUCTION TO SKELETON OF THE UPPER LIMB AND LOWER LIMB ..................... 9 SKELETON OF THE UPPER LIMB ............................................................................................................... 10 SCAPULA ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 CLAVICLE ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 HUMERUS ....................................................................................................................................................... 15 RADIUS ........................................................................................................................................................... 20 ULNA ............................................................................................................................................................... 23 CARPAL BONES ............................................................................................................................................ 26 METACARPAL BONES ................................................................................................................................. 30 PHALANGES .................................................................................................................................................. 31 SKELETON OF THE LOWER LIMB ............................................................................................................. 34 HIP BONE ........................................................................................................................................................ 34 FEMUR ............................................................................................................................................................ 41 TIBIA ............................................................................................................................................................... 47 FIBULA ............................................................................................................................................................ 51 TARSAL BONES ............................................................................................................................................. 55 TALUS ............................................................................................................................................................. 56 CALCANEUS .................................................................................................................................................. 58 NAVICULAR BONE ....................................................................................................................................... 60 CUNEIFORM BONES ..................................................................................................................................... 60 CUBOID BONE ............................................................................................................................................... 61 METARSAL BONES ....................................................................................................................................... 61 PHALANGES .................................................................................................................................................. 62 SESAMOID BONES OF THE FOOT .............................................................................................................. 63 SHORT INTRODUCTION TO ARTHROLOGY (SYNDESMOLOGY) ..................................................... 66 4 SOLID JOINTS ................................................................................................................................................... 66 SYNOVIAL JOINTS .......................................................................................................................................... 67 JOINTS OF THE UPPER LIMB ...................................................................................................................... 70 STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT ..................................................................................................................... 70 ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT .................................................................................................................. 71 PECTORAL GIRDLE MOVEMENTS ................................................................................................................. 72 SHOULDER JOINT ......................................................................................................................................... 73 ELBOW JOINT ................................................................................................................................................ 77 INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE OF THE FOREARM .................................................................................. 81 DISTAL RADIOULNAR JOINT ..................................................................................................................... 81 RADIOCARPAL JOINT (WRIST JOINT) ..................................................................................................... 82 MIDCARPAL JOINT, INTERCARPAL JOINTS AND CARPOMETACARPAL JOINTS .......................... 84 METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINTS ......................................................................................................... 86 INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS ..................................................................................................................... 86 JOINTS OF THE LOWER LIMB .................................................................................................................... 90 SACROILIAC JOINT ...................................................................................................................................... 90 PUBIC SYMPHYSIS ....................................................................................................................................... 91 LIGAMENTS OF THE PELVIS ........................................................................................................................... 92 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN BONY PELVIS .................................................................................................... 94 HIP (COXAL) JOINT ...................................................................................................................................... 96 KNEE (GENUAL) JOINT.............................................................................................................................. 101 TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT ................................................................................................................................ 106 INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE OF THE LEG ........................................................................................... 106 TIBIOFIBULAR SYNDESMOSIS ................................................................................................................ 107 ANKLE (TALOCRURAL) JOINT ................................................................................................................ 107 TALOCALCANEAL (SUBTALAR) JOINT ................................................................................................. 110 TALOCALCANEONAVICULAR JOINT .................................................................................................... 111 CALCANEOCUBOID JOINT ....................................................................................................................... 112 CUNEONAVICULAR ( NAVICULOCUNEIFORM) JOINTS .................................................................... 113 CUBOIDEONAVICULAR JOINT (SYNDESMOSIS) ................................................................................. 113 5 CUNEOCUBOID AND INTERCUNEIFORM JOINTS .............................................................................. 113 TARSOMETATARSAL JOINTS AND INTERMETATARSAL JOINTS ................................................. 114 METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINTS ......................................................................................................