BACHELOR OF ARTS III YEAR ENGLISH LITERATURE PAPER – II: TRANSLATION STUDIES BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION COIMBATORE – 641 046. ADDENDUM B.A. English Literature – III year Study material of Paper II – TRANSLATION STUDES SL. No. Page No. Corrections Carried Over 1 -- Add the subject “Application of Translation in Tirukkural and the Odyssey” in Unit – V of the syllabus. 2. -- Add reference (16) Sri V.V.S. Aiyar. 2005. Tirukkural: English Translation. Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam, (17) Homer – Allen Mandelbaum – Roman Maria Luisa – De. 1990. The Odyssey of Homer: a new verse translation. University of California Press. 3. 132 Add in Lesson – V – Place of Style in Translation under Unit-V. (f) Application of Translation in Tirukkural and the Odyssey. 4. 158 Add the title under Unit-V Annexure –I (i) Tirukkural (ii) The Odyssey Paper – II: TRANSLATION STUDIES Syllabus Objectives: The course is intended to initiate the student to the translation discipline, its chronological history and provide a better understanding of the different types of translations as well as its various theories and applications. It further aims to equip the student with a proper knowledge of the aspects of creative literature, the function of Mass media in society and the various issues involved in translation. Unit – I: History of Translation Nature of translation studies – The Function of language – Structuralist Theory and Application – Translation through the ages – Dryden’s classification of translation models. Unit – II: Theories of Translation Types of translation – Translation theories: Ancient and Modern – Nida’s three base models of translation – (Nida’s model Cont...)Transfer and Restructuring – Linguistics of translation. Unit – III: Creative Literature and Translation Facets of Literary translation: Importance and difficulties – Twentieth century Theoretical studies with reference to Poetics – Roles of the Translator in Poetic translation – Translation of literature – Major concerns about translation of Indian literature. Unit – IV: Mass media and Translation Social importance of Mass media – Features of Print media – Aspects of Electronic media – Characteristics of Spoken media – Translation issues regarding language use in Mass media. Unit – V: Translation practice and Applications Indian translation in the past – Semantic relationship among words – Translation and Culture – Language Attitudes – Place of Style in translation – Application of Translation in Tirukkural and the Odyssey. Reference Books 1. Hockett, C.F. 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics. The Macmillan Company, New York. 2. Giffin, K. et al., 1976. Fundamentals of Interpersonal communications. Harper and Row, New York. 3. Nida, Eugene A. 1975. Language structure and Translation. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. 4. Balakrishnan, R. & Saranya, R. 2000. Directions in Translation. Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar. 5. Mohit, K. Ray. 2002. Studies in Translation. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. 6. Newmark, Peter. 1998. A Text Book of Translation. Prentice Hall, New York. 7. Catford, J.C. 1974. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford University Press, London. 8. Thirumalai, M.S. 1979. Language in sciences. Geetha Book House, Mysore. 9. Toury, G. 1987. Translation across Cultures. Bahri Publications, New Delhi. 10. Karunakaran, K. 1978. Modernization of Tamil la nguage in Mass Media (eds.), Krishnamurthi Bh., Osmania University, Hyderabad. 11. Brower, Reuben. 1966. On Translation (ed.) Oxford University Press, New York. 12. Holmes, J. 1975. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam. 13. Niranjana, Tejaswini. 1995. Siting Translation. Orient Longman, Hydera bad. 14. Richards, I.A. 1959. On Translation. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 15. Singh, A.K. 1996. Translation: Its Theory and Practice (ed.) Creative Books, New Delhi. 16. Sri. V.V.S. Aiyar. 2005. Tirukkural: EnglishTran slation. Sri Ramakrishna Tapova nam, Tirupparaithurai 17. Homer – Allen Mandelbaum – Romans Maria Luisa. De. 1990. The Odyssey of Homer: a new verse translation. University of California Press. 1 UNIT –I HISTORY OF TRANSLATION 1. Lesson –I Nature of Translation Studies a. Introduction b. Definition of Translation c. Levels of Translation d. Translators e. The art of Translation 2. Lesson – II The Functions of language a. Language as a communication tool b. The varieties of language c. Language and communication d. Verbal and non- verbal communication e. Major communication functions of language 3. Lesson - III Structuralist Theory and Applications a. Structuralism and After b. Deconstruction c. Categorization and Binary Feature d. Functional Equivalence e. Text types and overall Translation strategies 4. Lesson- IV Translation through the ages a. Historical sketch of Early period b. Renaissance and Post –Renaissance c. Romanticism and Post-Romanticism d. The Victorians e. The Twentieth Century 5. Lesson- V Dryden’s classification of Translation models a. Metaphase b. Paraphrase c. Imitation d. Adaptation e. Bible Translation 2 UNIT - I LESSON - I NATURE OF TRANSLATION STUDIES What is Translation? Language is a co-ordinated system of arbitrary phonic symbols so that translation is an exchange of one set of symbols for another set keeping the contained message intact. The prime concern in translation is the high fidelity to the message without distortion, addition or subtraction. Translation, as Casagrande (1953) puts it, is the most complex art yet produced in the evolution of cosmos. Catford (1965) opines that translation is that in which the replacement of textual material from one language by an equivalent textual material in another language is made. Nida and Taber (1969) are of the view that translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest equivalence of the source language in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Broadly speaking translation deals with that aspect of the language in which a message given in any particular language is transferred into another language. It aims at giving the communication form one language into another. A communication or message consists of many elements drawn from that language. It has an external representation in the form of words knit together by the internal system, i.e., grammar. Translation involves adjustments in different levels such as grammatical, lexical, semantic and cultural levels. No two languages exhibit identity in these areas. These differences create difficulties for the translator. He has to perform a balancing act between the unequal grammatical, lexical, semantic and cultural features of the donor language and the receptor language. Every level exhibits its own problems. Adjustments in these different levels are essential in order to reflect the ‘feel’ of the original message in the translated text. Nature of Translation Studies The term ‘translation’ is the neutral term used for all tasks where the meaning of expressions in one language is turned into the meaning of another, whether the medium is spoken, written or signed. The first language is known as source language and the second language is known as the target language: In specific professional contexts, however a distinction is drawn between people who work with the spoken or signed language (interpreters) and those who work with the written language (translators). As the essence of translation lies in the preservation of the three aspects of meaning viz. the aspect, the pragmatic aspect and the textual aspect across two different languages. House (1977:1-30) considers translation as the replacement of the text in the source language by a semantically and pragmatically equivalent text in the target language.Translators not only need to know their source language well; they must also have a thorough understanding of the field of knowledge covered by the source text, and of any social, cultural or emotional connotations that need to be specified in the target language if the intended effect is to be conveyed. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2010) defines the terms ‘translate’ and ‘translation’ as follows: 3 Translate: 1. To express the meaning of speech or writing in a different language, (e.g.) He translated the letter into English. 2. To change one language to another. 3. To change something, or to be changed, into a different form. E.g. It’s time to translate words into action. 4. To understand something in a particular way or give something a particular meaning. E.g. The various words and gestures that we translate as love. Translation: 1. Translation refers to the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language. E.g. He specializes in translation from Danish into English. 2. Translation may also refer to a text or work that has been changed from one language into another. E.g. Copy of Dryden’s translation of the Aeneid. 3. Translation also refers to the process of changing something into a different form. E.g. The translation of theory into practice. The dictionary also says that ‘trans-’ is added to other words to make words not only with the meaning ‘across’ ‘beyond’ as in ‘transatlantic’, ‘transcontinental’ but also with the meaning ‘into another place or state’ as in ‘transplant’ ‘transform’ etc. Etymologically, it is related to ‘transfer’ Transliteration is the process of writing words or letters using letters of a different alphabet or language. Transcription is the act or process of representing something in a