DCAF Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict Sexual Violence MEGAN BASTICK KARIN GRIMM RAHEL KUNZ Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict: Global Overview and Implications for the Security Sector demonstrates the horrifying scope and magnitude of sexual violence in armed conflict. In its first part, the Global Overview, the report profiles documented conflict-related sexual violence in 51 countries – SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN ARMED CONFLICT in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and the Middle East - that have experienced armed conflict over the past twenty years. The second part of the report, entitled Implications for the Security Sector, explores strategies for security and justice actors to prevent and respond to sexual violence in armed conflict and post-conflict situations. Global Overview and Implications DCAF Geneva Centre for the Security Sector for the Democratic ISBN 978-92-9222-059-4 Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN ARMED CONFLICT Global Overview and Implications for the Security Sector Megan Bastick Karin Grimm Rahel Kunz DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces This report was prepared by Megan Bastick, Karin Grimm and Rahel Kunz, in consultation with Anja Ebnöther. DCAF thanks the many people who contributed to the report by contributing information and commenting on drafts, in particular the following: Ancila Adrian-Paul; Augusta Angelucci of UNDP; Karen Barnes, International Alert; John Braithwaite at the National University of Australia; Charli Carpenter of the University of Pittsburgh; Nicola Dahrendorf of DFID; Stephanie Delaney of ECPAT; Kristin Eck, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University; Doly Enriquez; Ana Maria Ferraz de Campos of Catholic Relief Services, Karin Griese of medica mondiale; Patricia Guerrero, Founder of the Liga de Mujeres Desplazadas; Nadine Jubb; Joanina Karugaba of UNHCR; Erin Kenny, Sabrina Montante & Luis Mora of UNFPA; Ben King of Alliance DARC; Philippe Lafortune of the Canadian Department of National Defence; Lena Larsson of the Folke Bernadotte Academy; Ann Livingstone of the Pearson Peacekeeping Centre; Jonas Loetscher & Kristin Valasek of DCAF; Eirin Mobekk; Robyn Naylor of Isis-WICCE; OCHA/IRIN; Erin Patrick of Women’s Commission for Refugee Women & Children; Refugees International; Ruth Rubio-Marín of the University of Sevilla; Jeanne Sarson & Linda MacDonald of Persons Against Ritual Abuse-Torture; Brita Schawlann of the Norwegian Ministry of Defence & Erik Haugstad from the Norwegian Armed Forces International Training Centre; Vepore Shehu of Medica Kosova; Yasmine Sherif of UNDP-BCPR; Jolynn Shoemaker of WIIS; Jeanne Ward and Stephanie Ziebell of UNIFEM. Special thanks also go to Anthony Drummond for editing assistance, to Guy Heirich for the cover design and layout, and to SRO-Kundig for printing. DCAF gratefully acknowledges the support of the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the production of this report. Any inaccuracies are the sole responsibility of the authors. All website references were accessed between 19 and 31 July 2007. Cover Picture: © Press Images Europe, Nick Danziger, 2001. © Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, 2007. Geneva, Switzerland All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission. ISBN 978-92-9222-059-4 Printed by SRO Kundig Chemin de l’Etang 49 Geneva, Switzerland TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWOR D. 7 EUROPE . 113 Azerbaijan. 115 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 9 Bosnia and Herzegovina . 117 Croatia . 119 INTRODUCTION . 13 Georgia . 121 Russia. 123 TERMINOLOGY . 17 Serbia (Kosovo) . 125 GLOBAL OVERVIEW. 23 MIDDLE EAST. 129 Iraq . 131 AFRICA . 27 Israel and the Palestinian Territories . 133 Algeria . 29 Kuwait. 135 Angola . 31 Lebanon . 137 Yemen . 139 Burundi . 33 . Central African Republic 35 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SECURITY SECTOR. 143 Chad . 37 Côte d’Ivoire. 39 POLICING AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE . 147 Democratic Republic of the Congo . 41 Eritrea . 43 JUSTICE FOR SURVIVORS Ethiopia . 45 OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE Guinea-Bissau . 47 IN ARMED CONFLICT . 155 Liberia . 49 Mozambique. 51 PEACEKEEPERS AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN ARMED CONFLICT . 169 Republic of the Congo. 53 Rwanda . 55 ADDRESSING CONFLICT-RELATED SEXUAL Sierra Leone. 57 VIOLENCE IN DDR PROCESSES . 181 Somalia. 59 South Africa . 61 CIVIL SOCIETY RESPONSES TO SEXUAL Sudan . 63 VIOLENCE IN ARMED CONFLICT. 191 Uganda. 65 Zimbabwe . 67 RECOMMENDATIONS . 199 THE AMERICAS . 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 203 Colombia . 73 BOXES El Salvador . 75 Guatemala. 77 1: Reform of the Nicaraguan police . 150 Haiti . 79 2: Post-conflict justice mechanisms in Sierra Leone. 159 Nicaragua . 81 3: Nepal . 163 Peru. 83 4: “Reintegrative Shaming” in Bougainville . 164 United States of America . 85 5: African Union firewood patrols in Darfur . 170 6: Addressing sexual exploitation and abuse ASIA. 87 in European Union peacekeeping missions . 176 Afghanistan . 89 7: Definition of DDR . 182 Burma / Myanmar. 91 8: Hakamas sing and dance for peace in their Cambodia . 93 communities. 183 East Timor . 95 9: “Bush wives”: abducted women and girls . 184 India . 97 10: DDR in Liberia . 186 Indonesia . 99 11: DDR and justice . 187 Nepal . 101 Papua New Guinea . 103 12: Women’s courts . 192 Philippines . 105 13: Isis-WICCE in Uganda . 193 Solomon Islands . 107 14: Colombia’s Liga de Mujeres Desplazadas Sri Lanka . 109 and Ciudad.