An inventory of alien species and their threat to biodiversity and economy in Switzerland Mit deutscher Zusammenfassung Avec résumé en français CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre report to The Swiss Agency for Environment, Forests and Landscape SAEFL Delémont, 2005 1 Reference Wittenberg, R. (ed.) (2005) An inventory of alien species and their threat to biodiversity and economy in Switzerland. CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre report to the Swiss Agency for Environment, Forests and Landscape. Contributors : Rüdiger Wittenberg, CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre, CH-2800 Delémont Marc Kenis, CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre, CH-2800 Delémont Theo Blick, D-95503 Hummeltal Ambros Hänggi, Naturhistorisches Museum, CH-4001 Basel André Gassmann, CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre, CH-2800 Delémont Ewald Weber, Geobotanical Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH- 8044 Zürich 2 Frontispiece: common carp, Egyptian goose, raccoon, giant hogweed. All photos Rüdiger Wittenberg, CABI Bioscience, Delémont. 3 4 Contents Contents .........................................................................................................................5 List of Fact sheets......................................................................................................7 List of figures ............................................................................................................9 List of tables..............................................................................................................9 Abstracts ......................................................................................................................11 Summary......................................................................................................................13 Zusammenfassung........................................................................................................16 Résumé.........................................................................................................................19 1 Introduction..............................................................................................................23 Definitions...............................................................................................................24 Invasive alien species – a global overview .............................................................24 Status of alien species in Switzerland .....................................................................26 Pathways..................................................................................................................27 Impacts of invasive alien species ............................................................................27 Discussion ...............................................................................................................28 Recommendations ...................................................................................................29 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................30 References ...............................................................................................................31 2 Vertebrates – Vertebrata ..........................................................................................33 Mammals – Mammalia............................................................................................33 Birds – Aves............................................................................................................40 Reptiles – Reptilia...................................................................................................47 Amphibians – Amphibia .........................................................................................50 Fish – Pisces............................................................................................................52 References ...............................................................................................................59 Fact Sheets...............................................................................................................62 3 Crustaceans – Crustacea ........................................................................................107 References .............................................................................................................112 Fact Sheets.............................................................................................................114 4 Insects – Insecta .....................................................................................................131 Introduction ...........................................................................................................131 Coleoptera .............................................................................................................132 Lepidoptera............................................................................................................134 Hymenoptera .........................................................................................................135 Diptera...................................................................................................................136 Hemiptera..............................................................................................................137 Orthoptera..............................................................................................................138 Dictyoptera............................................................................................................138 Isoptera..................................................................................................................139 Thysanoptera .........................................................................................................139 Psocoptera .............................................................................................................139 5 Ectoparasites..........................................................................................................140 References .............................................................................................................140 Fact Sheets.............................................................................................................146 5 Spiders and Allies – Arachnida..............................................................................213 Introduction ...........................................................................................................213 List of species........................................................................................................214 Species of natural habitats.....................................................................................215 Species in, and in close proximity to, human buildings........................................217 Greenhouse-inhabiting species..............................................................................218 ‘Banana spiders’ and terrarium species.................................................................218 Discussion and recommendations .........................................................................219 References .............................................................................................................220 Fact Sheets.............................................................................................................223 6 Molluscs – Mollusca..............................................................................................231 Snails and slugs (Gastropoda)...............................................................................231 Bivalves (Bivalvia)................................................................................................232 References .............................................................................................................238 Fact Sheets.............................................................................................................239 7 Other selected invertebrate groups.........................................................................249 Nematodes – Nemathelminthes.............................................................................249 Flatworms – Turbellaria, Plathelminthes ..............................................................249 Segmented worms – Annelida...............................................................................250 Centipedes and millipedes – Myriapoda ...............................................................250 References .............................................................................................................250 Fact Sheets.............................................................................................................251 8 Lichens (Lichen-forming fungi) ............................................................................257 References .............................................................................................................257 9 Fungi and a selected bacterium..............................................................................259 References .............................................................................................................260 Fact Sheets.............................................................................................................261 10 Plants – Planta......................................................................................................277