THE JESUITS AND GLOBALIZATION Historical Legacies and Contemporary Challenges THOMAS BA CHOFF AND JOSE CASANOVA, Editors Georgetown University Press Washington, DC b f 20lb Gt:'O~"C'I()\\ U UPI\ ('''11'1 f)f AU ngbl rC'K'f~d ~o PJrI of Ihl1. ~l: m,lY be rc:p,OfJuu·J Of uUlltC'd In .In) form or by ,n)'IlK'.uu. declroPic or me h.ltu II. IndudlO~ pholU< If''Int: .and I't' cwdll1g. Of b)' an)" In(orm'Cl(m I n~e'~nd R'cnC',1I, 'I('nt, wuhout J"C'fmlcon In \Hllmg from the pub!"hcr. JOles: O~nchofT.ThonuJ F. 19(too$cdllor l ~n(J\.;I.}<Kc.ah(l;)r T1UC'ThCJC'iUlb .1Odg1ob.tJlZ'Jflon hl\umuJ lep In.and CiPmC'mf'Ur.lI")' challenges I [edued by) Tholtw I3mchofT ;and J<hi C;l.\.1J}O\o~ Dcscripoon:W.3 hll1lt't n,l Ce()'lteIO" n UfU'",",If)' Pft-U.201f. I Includes blbllog~phlC;tI referen ., and mdex. ldenufiers: L N 20150242231 I 0 978162bJ62t177 (lunk",,«.ill paper) 1 I ON 9781626162860 (pbk. ,Ik p.lJ'<') II 0 9781626162ll1U (ebook) ubjects: l H:JesulI:S. I)c:5uJb-Edu ucn. I .Jo~huuon. I GlobabZJtlon-Rellgiow.:lspe ($- thchc burch. Iassificarion: L 8X3702.3 .J47 2016 I DO 271 .53-<14:23 LC record available at htrp:/lkcn.loc.govI201 5024223 e This book is printed on acid-free paper meenng the requirement of the American National tandard for Permanence 111 Paper for Pnneed Library Materials. 16 15 98765432 First printing Printed in the United States of America Cover design by Pam Pease The cover image is a combination of rwo public domain images: a quasi-traditional version of the IHS emblem of the Jesuits by Moransk! and the inset map Grbis Terramm NO'I{l et Accuratissima Tabllia by Pierer Goos (17th century). 13 THE JESUITS THROUGH THE PRISM OF GLOBALIZATION, GLOBALIZATION THROUGH A JESUIT PRISM JOSE CASANOVA Each chapter in this volume has addressed two core questions from a specific thematic, historical, or regional perspective: What doe the ex- perience of globalization tell us about the jesuits? And what doe the expe- rience of the jesuits rell u about globalization' In this concluding chapter, Illy aim is to address the same two questions from a broader synthetic perspective, drawing upon some of the most important lessons offered across the chapters. The Jesuit through the Prism of Early Modern Globalization As a point of departure. taking what in the introduction we call the "sub- jective" dimension of globalization-the increased awareness of the unity of the world as a whole as a focus for human activities-one couJd argue that the Jesuits were the first organized group in history to think and to act globally. I What were the conditions for the possible emergence of such J nongovernmental organization (NGO) of globaJ missionaries and global educators alla//£ fa fertre-that is, before the existence of globa.l structures that could sustain such practices? Of the small group of companions that gathered around Ignatius of Loyola at the University of Paris in the early 1530s, three interrelated his- torical developments shaped the opportunity structures that made possible its rapid transformation into a prodigiously successful global missionary, educational, and sociopolitical enterprise: the Iberian colonial expansion into the newly discovered "Indies," the early modern Catholic revival, and 262 Jose Casanova Renaissance Christian humanism. All three evolving manifestations had been operative for more than half a century by the time Pope Paul HI's bull Regiwifli mititantis ealesiae in 1540 certified, through the "Formula of the Institute" contained therein, the official foundation of the Society of Jesus. All three helped shape the institutional development and the global expansion of the new Society in the following decades, and rhe jesuits, in turn, became primary global carriers of the three processes in the early modern phase of globalization. The Iberian Colonial Expansion The Iberian colonial expansion made possible the connection of the Old World and the "discovered" New World, linking the East and West Indies, thus forming for the first time one truly global world in novel tran atlan- tic and transpacific exchanges. In this respect the early modern phase of globalization constitutes literally the "first globalization," a form of proto- globalization that can rightly be distinguished from earlier "archaic" and later "modern" forms of globahzation.! In this newly connected world the Jesuits emerged to become pioneer globalizers. Indeed, no other group as eagerly took the entire globe as the focus of its activities. Jeronimo Nadal-one of Ignatius's closest collaborators and the man who, in the words of John O'Malley, "more than any individual ... instilled in the fir r two generations their esprit de corps and taught them what it meant to be a Jesuit"-coined the famous phrase, "The world is our home."} The Jesuits sailed around the world in the same ships with conquis- tadores. traders, migrants, and colonial administrators. Antonio Vieira. the great Jesuit missionary of Brazil, put the matter most succinctly in his His/aria do Futuro: "If there were not merchants who go to seek for earthly treasures in the East and West Indies, who would transport thither the preachers who take heavenly treasures? The preachers take the Gospel and the merchants take the preachers."! The vast Jesuit Portuguese Assisrancy, which included not only the kingdom of Portugal and its maritime empire but also portions of the Indian subcontinent, Japan, China, Southeast Asia. and African territories, undoubtedly constituted the core of the global Jesuit enterprise in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.J That enter- prise was largely sponsored by the Portuguese padroado regia and by the Spanish patronato real (royal patronage). lt would thus be anachronistic to view the Society of Jesus as an NGO in the modern sense of the term. As Aliocha Maldavsky makes clear in chapter 4. Jesuit missions in colonial lbero-Arnerica were irremediably embedded in colonial structures of co- ercion and political control. -----------+-- From Il\ mccpr ron. rhcrclorc, the J"""uu lUI lun,u) c;JUcrpn\.C could nor aVOId .In,rulIlg.1 vrrv "worldlv" .Ind sc ul.Jr C()1U10(JIIOIi. IJU( 41' be- ing 31 0 :111cconomu dtlll poluu ...1entcrprrw The hl~.orl ..n ( R. Uu er ha clauncd tll.ll tilt' JC.-'llll' l ould he convrdcred "the h • J11uhulJClonJI corp rauon '.. In l:ll.lpu:r 5 \ ..htlu P.l\onc\ til U\'Ilon 0' .anu-Je Ultl III how how. frum the he~lIltlll1J;t. the )C\Ult order w our pol)' viewed as poilu al .wd .1' "J '(JCe WHlull rhe IJle" but .llw nl.lhg,ncd J\ Ihe lil"\. and parnulgl1l.ltJl" mrc.·rnJuolul veer I 0"lt.lnll.lCl0t1 bent on e\l.lblldHI1J: "a w rid empire." Yc; the J~,t11l glob.ll ,.dVl'u; cntcrprl\e CJ"nC)1 be; reduced 10 the ceo- nomic impcrauvc- of 0111 crucrgcnt t-t1ob;d c.1pll.Jh m or (0 the pohucal dynanucs of [he new WC\lphdho-lt1 yucm of nauon- ()Ce In scarcb of (0· lonial domamv It...prll11.1ry 11I1\\lon and 11 ulumoltc end \\,J\ the unrvcrval salvation of "soul," ad III",orr", Da ,\!lct,iam. 1\ c rding: to . bile)'. no other expressIOn "occur) iliOn: rrcqucnd)' III Je utt do umentatlon n prncrically e"ery pJ~e-than 'to help' ul : ... 0 reduce theJe,ult ml" n co omerhl ng ehc Iii nOl only l IIII what de'Hly mOllvatcd Ignauu ~nd the members of the 'oClety he r. unded but.1 0 t ml unde land the very SOurce of the ~loballZlI1R dynamIC fthe Je ult enretptl e. By "soul:' however. IgnatJu and the Je ult meant lhe wh Ie pcrc;on: therefore, to help souls became a univer .1 and gl b.1 minI try pracnc.lIy without sublicantlve or geographical InuiLS. Without ever losing Ight of their primary salvational 11115 Ion. Jesuit mllti trie encompa sed 311kinds of activities and spheres that today may be con idored so ular but that they regarded as an !ntrinsl part ofcheir religi u mission.'1 The revised "F r- mula ofche Institute" of 1550, after Cilumernting a long list ofclI [Omary religious pastoral ministries to which the Jesuits ought co dedicate them- selves, adds "according to what will see III expedient for the gloty f God and the common good"-the first time in history that expedient consid- eration of the worldly (ommOIl good appears in the foundarional chareer of a religious ordeLlo Its inclusion was to have unforeseen consequences in the Jesuits' sustained professional dedkation not only to the humanities but also to science, technology, and the artS, Following the Ignatian instruc- tion, Jesuits were to find God in all tnings. The Early Modem Catholic Revival Ignatius's spiritual journey and the foundation and dramatic e~..pansion of the Society of Jesus need to be viewed in the context of the broad and widespread manifestations of the early modern Catholic renewal that flourished in Italy and the Iberian Peninsula well before the Protestant 264 Jose Casanova Reformation of the sixteenth century. In this context the Jesuits appear as contributors to a much broader reality going well beyond what the term "Counter-Reformation" suggests and to say nothing of the narrow Euro- centrism that the term connotes." Whatever name we give to the changes in Catholicism during early modernity, in this era Catholicism attained its global reach from East Asia to North America, from the Philippines to South America. R. po-clua Hsia has argued that "the centuries of Catholic renewal formed the first period of global history" in that the early modern era was shaped by "the encounter between Catholic Europe and the non- Christian world.'?" It was in this era, as Simon Ditchfield has shown, that Catholicism became a "world religion."!) The Jesuits were neither the only nor the first global missionaries.