DELIVERABLE 4.2 Development and performance evaluation of the ENTOMATIC network Project Acronym ENTOMATIC Project Reference: 605073 Project Title: Novel automatic and stand-alone integrated pest management tool for remote count and bioacoustic identification of the Olive Fly (Batrocera oleae) in the field Deliverable 4.2 – Development and performance evaluation of the ENTOMATIC network Revision: V 5.0 Authors: Toni Adame, Sergio Barrachina, Albert Bel, Boris Bellalta (UPF) Michel Chamoun (MTSYSTEM) Carmen Capiscol (INOLEO) Ilyas Potamitis (TEIC) Frank Spiller (IMMS) Ward Bryssinckx (AVIA-GIS) Project co-funded by the European Commission within the ICT Policy Support Programme Dissemination Level P Public C Confidential, only for members of the consortium and the Commission Services X DELIVERABLE 4.2 Development and performance evaluation of the ENTOMATIC network Revision History Revision Date Author Organization Description 1 13/04/2016 Toni Adame UPF General structure 2 15/04/2016 Sergio Barrachina UPF Contiki considerations 3 19/12/2016 Toni Adame, Sergio UPF Definition of ENTOMATIC Barrachina network communication protocols 4 23/03/2017 Toni Adame UPF Revision / Update of information 5 31/04/2017 Toni Adame UPF Revision / Update of information * During the Michael Chamoun MTSYSTEM Assessment, revision and writing time Carmen Capiscol INOLEO validation Ilyas Potamitis TEIC Frank Spiller IMMS Ward Bryssinckx AVIA-GIS Statement of originality: This deliverable contains original unpublished work except where clearly indicated otherwise. Acknowledgement of previously published material and of the work of others has been made through appropriate citation, quotation or both. Page 2 of 178 DELIVERABLE 4.2 Development and performance evaluation of the ENTOMATIC network EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This deliverable (D4.2) is the output of the activities of Task 4.2 “Final design of the ENTOMATIC WSN” and Task 4.3 “Construction and testing of ENTOMATIC WSN” within Work Package 4 (WP4) “Design & Development of WSN”. The deliverable describes in depth the design and mechanisms employed in the ENTOMATIC Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) responsible for transmitting all data captured from traps to the central gateway. Similarly, the mechanisms employed to retransmit this data from the gateway to the data receiver server are also explained. Some of the techniques discussed have been developed as part of the previous ENTOMATIC Task T4.1 “Conceptual design of the ENTOMATIC WSN“, whereas some of them are entirely novel. In both cases, techniques and mechanisms included in the system fulfill the ENTOMATIC technical requirements regarding communications, compiled in D1.2 “Update of system specifications”. The first part of the document analyses the state-of-the-art and describes the proposed solution for each one of the communication layers existing in the WSN; namely, physical, medium access control (MAC), network, transport, and application. Additional chapters offer more information regarding connectivity of sensors and energy issues. The second part of this deliverable includes the definition of the protocol proposed to establish GPRS communication between the gateway and the data receiver server. Due to the use of a well-known and consolidated protocol such as GPRS, this section is focused on the routines and the schedule necessary to perform periodic GPRS transmissions. In addition, specific subsections include the results corresponding to performance tests executed on the different elements of the ENTOMATIC communication system. These preliminary tests, which have performed both in a controlled testbed and in real scenarios, show the alignment of the proposed solution with the stated requirements of the project. Once validated the communication protocol of the ENTOMATIC project, the next step in this field is to integrate these mechanism with the reception, processing and encapsulation of the information provided from the optoelectronic sensor into the established data transmission frames together with the already tested and validated information obtained from the temperature, humidity and luminance sensors. Page 3 of 178 DELIVERABLE 4.2 Development and performance evaluation of the ENTOMATIC network TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................ 6 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................... 8 ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... 12 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 13 2 ENTOMATIC WSN............................................................................ 15 2.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................. 15 2.1.1 Network topology ............................................................................................................ 15 2.1.2 System assumptions ......................................................................................................... 17 2.2 HARDWARE PLATFORM .................................................................................. 17 2.2.1 Crossbow TelosB .............................................................................................................. 18 2.2.2 Zolertia Re-Mote .............................................................................................................. 19 2.3 SOFTWARE PLATFORM ................................................................................... 22 2.3.1 Operating systems for WSNs ............................................................................................ 24 2.3.2 Selection of an Operating System .................................................................................... 34 2.4 PHYSICAL LAYER ........................................................................................... 35 2.4.1 TI CC2538 Microcontroller ............................................................................................... 35 2.4.2 TI CC1200 RF transceiver .................................................................................................. 36 2.4.3 Power consumption and performance analysis ............................................................... 38 2.5 MAC LAYER ............................................................................................... 49 2.5.1 MAC protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks ................................................................. 53 2.5.2 Overview of the ENTOMATIC MAC layer.......................................................................... 58 2.5.3 Beaconing system............................................................................................................. 59 2.5.4 Wakeup Patterns .............................................................................................................. 62 2.5.5 Power regulation mechanism .......................................................................................... 63 2.6 NETWORK LAYER .......................................................................................... 64 2.6.1 Network layers for Wireless Sensor Networks ................................................................. 65 2.6.2 Overview of the ENTOMATIC network layer .................................................................... 65 2.6.3 Addressing system............................................................................................................ 65 2.6.4 Association system ........................................................................................................... 66 2.6.5 Data transmission, aggregation and segmentation ......................................................... 72 2.6.6 Routing systems in Wireless Sensor Networks ................................................................ 75 2.6.7 Overview of the ENTOMATIC routing protocol ................................................................ 80 2.7 TRANSPORT LAYER ........................................................................................ 86 2.7.1 Transport layers for Wireless Sensor Networks ............................................................... 87 2.7.2 Overview of the ENTOMATIC transport layer .................................................................. 88 2.8 APPLICATION LAYER ...................................................................................... 91 2.8.1 Main Operation ................................................................................................................ 91 2.8.2 Frame structure ................................................................................................................ 91 2.8.3 Application packets .......................................................................................................... 95 2.9 INPUT AND OUTPUT ...................................................................................... 99 2.9.1 Data Acquisition ............................................................................................................... 99 2.9.2 Leds ................................................................................................................................ 108 Page 4 of 178 DELIVERABLE