PRA AR D T ES T H U Chapter 8 Road 8.1. Introduction The rest of the chapter is organised as follows: Section 8.2 provides an overview of the roads sector. Uttar Pradesh has an extensive road network, but it Section 8.3 discusses the institutional set-up of the is of sub-standard capacity and its quality is not sector in the state. The reform initiatives are talked adequate due to poor maintenance. Although the about in Section 8.4. Section 8.5 brings out the maintenance expenditure requirement was estimated to strategy for the roads sector and the last Section 8.6 be approximately Rs. 2040 crores in the last five years, gives the conclusion. only about 60 per cent of this sum was allocated and spent on maintenance of roads (Appendix A-8.1.1). This 8.2. An Overview of the Roads Sector has led to progressive deterioration of the road network. There is an urgent need to increase focus on For the purpose of management and administration, rehabilitation and maintenance of roads in the state. roads in India are divided into National Highways (NH), State Highways (SH), Major District Roads The problems in this sector relate to the weak (MDR), Other District Roads (ODR) and Village Roads institutional framework, inadequate and erratic flow of (VR). In Uttar Pradesh,1 the expansion of the road funds, lack of clearly defined responsibilities, network in recent years has been mainly in other ineffective management structures, and lack of district roads, village roads and other departments’ managerial abilities. roads, reflecting growing urbanisation and an attempt TABLE 8.1 Road Network in Uttar Pradesh (in Kms.) Target 2001* 1985 1992 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001** 2002** 2003** National Highways 5888 2754 2754 2862 3083 4019 4495 3811 4860 4931 State Highways 35300 7957 9782 9647 9444 8702 9486 9939 9609 9022 Major District Roads 59310 10132 8863 8874 8896 8809 9831 7198 7305 7301 ODR/Village Roads 254662 121790 78315 91696 96046 100135 102931 91095 94861 99385 Other Dept. Roads+ 58568 78592 78592 78592 142767 93035 94616 94616 Total 355660 142633 158282 191671 196061 200257 269510 205078 211251 215255 Source: PWD, Uttar Pradesh. Note: *Lucknow Plan, ** After the formation of Uttaranchal. +Other Dept. include Zilla Parishad, Village Panchayat, Municipal Roads, Forest, Irrigation Dept., MES, Sugar Cane, Railway Roads. 1. Before the National Highway Development Programme started in 1999, there was no significant move to upgrade state highways to national highways. Since 1999, many state highways have been classified as national highways across the country. Uttar Pradesh has received a fair share of reclassification of SH to NH. 246 UTTAR PRADESH DEVELOPMENT REPORT—VOL. 2 to provide connectivity to villages. In some categories, TABLE 8.3 part of the expansion is on account of reclassification of roads. For example, the NH length remained nearly National Highways and NHDP Projects constant at 2754 kms between 1985 and 1992 (Table Programme Section NH Length Status 8.1), since then it has increased as certain SH sections (Km) (NHDP have been declared as NH since 1996.1 (Table 8.2). Projects) GQ Delhi-Agra 2 199 Four laned A large part of NH (21%) is classified as High by May 2000 Density Corridors, i.e. with traffic of more than 30000 Agra–Varanasi+ 2 632 Civil construction passenger car units (pcu) per day as compared to nearby is in progress states (Table 8.2). Sikandara – 2A 25 Civil Bhognipur construction TABLE 8.2 is in progress NS-EW Lucknow-Kanpur- 25 270 Civil National Highways Jhansi Section construction is in progress Agra + 3 26 Civil National Highways % High Density construction Corridors** is in progress 1990- 1995- 1996- 2002- 91 96 97 03* Varanasi-Mangwan 7 128 Civil Section construction Madhya Pradesh 2976 2976 2976 4664 13.9 is in progress Punjab 968 988 1198 1553 29.0 Other NHs Moradabad Bypass 24 18 Completed Rajasthan 2840 2846 2846 4597 12.9 Ghaziabad-Hapur 24 33 Civil Haryana 655 656 656 1361 21.1 and Hapur Bypass construction is in progress Uttar Pradesh 2754 2862 2883 4931 20.8 Agra-Jaipur Route 11 51 All India 33650 34508 34849 58125 Delhi-Bareilly Lucknow 24 431 Source: MORTH Bakshi-ka-Talab 24A 17 Note: **— Corridors having more than 30000 pcu/day. Chenhat * From NHAI website as of 1.11.2003. Jhansi-Lakhandon 26 128 Section Allahabad-Margwan 27 43 Conditions of roads in Uttar Pradesh have been Section persistently poor.2 Capacity of SH and MDR has been Lucknow-Gorakhpur 28 311 abysmally low. Only 40 per cent of SH and four per Route Gorakhpur-Varanasi 29 196 cent of MDR are two-laned (Appendix A-8.1.2). More Lucknow-Varanasi 56 285 than one-third of the roads in Uttar Pradesh are Chenhat (NH28)– 56A 13 unsurfaced and almost half of the unsurfaced roads are Km 16 NH56 Km 15 (NH56)– 56B 19 non-motorable (Appendix A-8.1.4). About 36 per cent Km 6 (NH25) SHs are below standard single-lane roads (Appendix Delhi-Meerut- 58 165 A-8.1.5). Roorkee Route Chutmalam- 72A 30 Dehradun Link 8.2.1. Development under the NHDP Programme and Roorkee- 73 59 National Highways Saharanpur Link Rewa-Renukoot Link 74 147 Work to convert NH2 from Delhi to Varanasi (as Kanpur-Sagar Route 86 180 part of the Golden Quadrilateral) and NH25 from Rampur-Pantnagar 87 32 Route Lucknow to Lalitpur (as part of NS-EW corridor) into Gaziabad-Kanpur 91 405 four-laned highways under the aegis of NHAI is being Bhongaon-Etawah 92 75 carried out. Table 8.3 gives the summary of NHAI Agra-Moradabad 93 220 projects and their status in the state. Other than these, Faizabad-Allahabad 96 160 Uttar Pradesh has NH7, NH11, NH24, NH26, NH27, Gaziapur-Saiyedraja 97 45 NH28, NH29, NH56, NH58, NH72, NH73, NH74, Source: NHAI website www.nhai.org as of 1.11.2003. NH86, NH87, NH91, NH92, NH93, NH96 and NH97. Note: GQ–Golden Quadrilateral; NS-EW–North-South and East-West In the recent past a large part of these highways has Corridor. 2. The PWD admits that, on an average 40 per cent of the roads are under ‘repair’ at any point of time. This category also includes those roads which are half- finished and have been disbanded for want of funds (Times of India - February 24, 2001). Chapter 8 • ROAD 247 been carpeted and toll is collected on behalf of NHAI Almost one-fifth of the roads in Uttar Pradesh are on these stretches. non-motorable i.e. connectivity to many villages is of limited use (Table 8.4). Road network statistics are a 8.2.2 Comparison with Neighbouring States grim reminder of how far behind the network is from 3,4 The state has better road density (road length per the set target (Table 8.1). unit area) than all its neighbours except Punjab, but, Uttar Pradesh’s road intensity (road length per capita) TABLE 8.4 is the lowest in the region (Figures 8.1 and 8.2). This Roads by Type of Surface–1997 indicates that areas in the state are more accessible, although roads are more congested. Compared to the Surfaced (%) Unsurfaced (%) all-India average in 1997, Uttar Pradesh’s road density WBM BT CC Motorable Non- Total Motorable Length and intensity are lower by 15 and 50 per cent in Kms respectively. If only surfaced and motorable unsurfaced roads are taken into account, Uttar Pradesh’s road Madhya Pradesh 31.0 25.7 0.0 40.7 2.6 146225 intensity worsens further. Punjab 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 46121 Rajasthan 8.5 55.8 0.7 22.8 12.2 109513 FIGURE 8.1 Haryana 0.0 94.7 0.0 2.0 3.3 23442 Uttar Pradesh 12.0 52.4 0.0 17.6 18.0 155414 Road Density-1997 140 All India 22.7 36.6 0.1 15.8 24.8 1917335 s 120 m Source: MORTH, 1998-99. K . 100 Note: WBM–Water Bound Macadam, BT–Black Top, CC–Cement q S 80 Concrete. d re d 60 40 s/ Hun m 20 K 0 FIGURE 8.3 Punjab Uttar Madhya Pradesh Pradesh Haryana Road Intensity (Kms/Lakh Persons) All India All Rajasthan State Source: MORTH, 1998-99. 200 180 FIGURE 8.2 160 140 Road Intensity-1997 120 300 100 n o 250 80 60 pulati 200 o 40 f P 150 Kms/ Lakh of Population o 20 100 0 akh L s/ 50 India India m Purvi Uttar Uttar K 0 Pradesh Pradesh Paschimi Kendriya Uttaranchal Bundelkhand Uttar Punjab State Madhya Pradesh Pradesh Haryana All India Rajasthan Source: Monthly Review of Uttar Pradesh Economy, (various issues) CMIE, State Mumbai. Source: MORTH, 1998-99. 3. “I am myself perplexed. None of the officials know how many roads are lying half-finished and for how many years,” former PWD minister Om Prakash Singh (Times of India, February 24, 2001). 4. During the Ninth Plan period Rs. 8609 crore was to be spent for the construction of roads in the state. In the first four years of the Plan actual expenditure was 30 per cent. So by March 2002 the shortfall in this important sector would be as high as Rs. 4841 crore (The Pioneer-May 8, 2001). 248 UTTAR PRADESH DEVELOPMENT REPORT—VOL. 2 FIGURE 8.4 Rural Roads Road Density (Kms/Sq. Km) Rural roads have been classified into two categories: ODRs and VRs. Rural roads are planned under several 0.4 0.35 rural development programmes of the state and the 0.3 Centre, the prominent ones being Minimum Needs 0.25 Programme, National Rural Employment Programme, 0.2 Rural Landless Employment Generation Programme and 0.15 Jawahar Rozgar Yojana.