ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES and SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS PUBLIC VERSION Legal name of applicant(s): BASF SE Submitted by: BASF SE Substance: 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC) (EC Number: 203-458-1, CAS Number: 107-06-2) Use title: Industrial use as a recyclable solvent and extraction agent in a closed system for purification of 1,3,5-trioxane Use number: 1 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES and SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS CONTENTS DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................................... 5 1. SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................. 6 2. AIMS AND SCOPE OF THE ANALYSIS .................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Aim of the AoA and SEA ............................................................................................................................ 8 2.2 Substitution strategy .................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Boundaries of the AoA and SEA ................................................................................................................. 8 2.4 Relevant supply chains ................................................................................................................................ 8 3. APPLIED FOR “USE” SCENARIO ............................................................................................................. 9 3.1 Analysis of substance function .................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.1 Details of the function performed ......................................................................................................... 9 3.1.2 Process conditions ............................................................................................................................ 10 3.1.3 Functional requirements ................................................................................................................... 10 3.2 Market and business trends including the use of the substance ................................................................. 11 3.2.1 Annual tonnage of EDC ..................................................................................................................... 11 3.2.2 Market trends for trioxane and POM ................................................................................................. 11 3.3 Remaining risk of the “applied for use” scenario ...................................................................................... 12 3.3.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 12 3.3.2 Risks to workers of the applied for use .............................................................................................. 13 3.3.3 Risks for humans exposed via the environment ................................................................................. 14 3.4 Human health and environmental impacts of the applied for use scenario ................................................ 14 3.5 Monetised damage of human health and environmental impacts .............................................................. 15 4. SELECTION OF THE “NON-USE” SCENARIO ..................................................................................... 17 4.1 Efforts made to identify alternatives .......................................................................................................... 17 4.1.1 Research and development ................................................................................................................. 17 4.1.2 Data searches ..................................................................................................................................... 18 4.2 Identification of known alternatives .......................................................................................................... 19 4.3 Assessment of shortlisted alternatives ....................................................................................................... 20 4.3.1 Alternative 1 – Benzene ...................................................................................................................... 20 4.3.2 Alternative 2 – Dichloromethane (DCM) ........................................................................................... 21 4.3.3 Alternative 3 – N-butyl methyl ether .................................................................................................. 23 4.3.4 Alternative 4 – Isoflurane ................................................................................................................... 25 4.3.5 Alternative 5 – Crystallisation (alternative technology) .................................................................... 26 4.3.6 Alternative 6 – Pressure swing distillation (alternative technology) ................................................. 28 4.4 The most likely non-use scenario ............................................................................................................... 30 4.4.1 Summary of conclusions on alternatives ............................................................................................ 30 4.4.2 Implications of switching to an alternative ........................................................................................ 31 4.4.4 Overall conclusions on the non-use scenario ..................................................................................... 33 5. IMPACTS OF GRANTING AUTHORISATION ...................................................................................... 34 5.1 Economic impacts ...................................................................................................................................... 34 5.1.1 Scope of the analysis .......................................................................................................................... 34 5.1.2 Supply/value chain and markets affected ........................................................................................... 34 5.1.3 Direct economic impacts for BASF .................................................................................................... 35 5.1.4 Economic impacts for downstream users (POM processors)............................................................. 36 5.1.5 Economic impacts for end-users ........................................................................................................ 37 5.1.6 Significance of impacts and uncertainties .......................................................................................... 39 5.2 Human health and environmental impacts ................................................................................................. 40 5.3 Social impacts ............................................................................................................................................ 40 5.4 Wider economic impacts ............................................................................................................................ 41 5.5 Distributional impacts ................................................................................................................................ 41 Public Version 2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES and SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 5.6 Uncertainty analysis ................................................................................................................................... 41 6. CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 43 6.1 Comparison of the benefits and risk .......................................................................................................... 43 6.2 Information for the length of the review period ......................................................................................... 45 6.3 Substitution effort taken by the applicant if an authorisation is granted .................................................... 47 7. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 48 Annex – Justifications for Confidentiality Claims ................................................................................................ 49 APPENDCES ....................................................................................................................................................... 50 Appendix 1: ..................................................................................................................................................... 51 Appendix 2: ..................................................................................................................................................... 52 Appendix 3: ..................................................................................................................................................... 53 TABLES List of tables Table 1 Sales volume, value and profitability of Ultraform® plant .................................................................... 12 Table 2 ECHA estimates of benefits of avoiding cancer ....................................................................................