City Narrative Lyon France The Contemporary History of Lyon in the Aftermath of World War II By Max-Valentin Robert, ERC PRIME Youth Project Researcher, European Institute, İstanbul Bilgi University; and Ph.D. Candidate in Political Science at Sciences Po Grenoble, UMR Pacte, France. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3891224 Nativism, Islamophobism and Islamism in the Age of Populism: Culturalisation and Religionisation of what is Social, Economic and Political in Europe (ERC AdG 785934) “Nativism, Islamophobism and Islamism in the Age of Populism: Culturalisation and Religionisation of what is Social, Economic and Political in Europe” This research analyses the current political, social, and economic context of the European Union, which is confronted by two substantial crises, namely the global financial crisis and the refugee crisis. These crises have led to the escalation of fear and prejudice among the youth who are specifically vulnerable to discourses that culturalise and stigmatize the “other”. Young people between the ages of 18 to 30, whether native or immigrant-origin, have similar responses to globalization-rooted threats such as deindustrialization, isolation, denial, humiliation, precariousness, insecurity, and anomia. These responses tend to be essentialised in the face of current socio-economic, political and psychological disadvantages. While a number of indigenous young groups are shifting to right-wing populism, a number of Muslim youths are shifting towards Islamic radicalism. The common denominator of these groups is that they are both downwardly mobile and inclined towards radicalization. Hence, this project aims to scrutinize social, economic, political and psychological sources of the processes of radicalization among native European youth and Muslim-origin youth with migration background, who are both inclined to express their discontent through ethnicity, culture, religion, heritage, homogeneity, authenticity, past, gender and patriarchy. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme grant agreement no. 785934. For more information, please visit the project Website: https://bpy.bilgi.edu.tr 2 Preface In this research, we argue that local aspects are as important as national and global aspects to understand the root causes of radicalisation, extremism, nationalism, populism, fundamentalism and violence. In this respect, we want to magnify the contemporary history of each city in which we conduct our interviews with both native and Muslim-origin youngsters as far as the processes of deindustrialization, unemployment, poverty, exclusion, alienation and isolation are concerned. Because we claim that radicalisation processes of both groups of youngsters in the European context are likely to result from their local forms of response to the detrimental effects of globalisation. We believe that revealing local socio-economic, political, demographic and ethno-cultural dynamics may help us better understand the current forms of youth radicalisation. Prof. Dr. Ayhan Kaya Istanbul Bilgi University ERC AdG Principal Investigator [email protected] 3 Table of Contents Preface...................................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Demographic structure and History of Migration ........................................................................... 5 2. Industrialization and Impact on Local Economy ........................................................................... 11 3. City Politics and Participation ........................................................................................................ 16 References .............................................................................................................................................. 23 4 1. Demographic structure and History of Migration 1 ) Demographic trends in Lyon The population of Lyon seems to have followed continuous tendencies between 1968 and 2016. First of all, this population experienced a decline between 1968 and 1990, but it involved a progressive rise between 1990 and 2016 (Table 1). This evolution does not seem to have been strengthened by the natality factor: during this period, the birth rate and the natural balance respectively remained the same. The balance of inflows and outflows certainly had an influence on the demographic decline between 1968 and 1990 (especially during the period 1968-1982) but was then stabilized around -0,1 and 0,1 since 1990 (Table2). A sharp tendency should be mentioned: the (almost) continuous decline of mortality since 1982 (Table 2). Lastly, the average annual percentage change in the local population is positive began to be positive in 1982, and even stabilized around 0,8 between 1990 and 2011 (Table 2). Figure 1. Metropolis of Lyon Table 1 / Lyon – Number of habitants between (1968-2016) 1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2006 2011 2016 527 800 456 716 413 095 415 487 445 452 472 305 491 268 515 695 Table 2 / Lyon – Demographic evolutions between (1968-2016) 1968- 1975- 1982- 1990- 1999- 2006- 2011- 1975 1982 1990 1999 2006 2011 2016 Average annual % change in –2,1 –1,4 0,1 0,8 0,8 0,8 1,0 population Due to the natural balance as 0,5 0,3 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,9 0,8 a % Due to the apparent balance of inflows and outflows as a –2,5 –1,7 –0,4 0,1 0,1 –0,1 0,1 % Birth rate (‰) 15,6 13,9 14,8 15,2 15,3 15,5 15,2 Mortality rate (‰) 10,9 10,9 10,2 8,9 7,8 7,0 6,8 5 2 ) A historical perspective on immigration in Lyon Lyon is a historical place of immigration since the 19th century. Jean-Luc de Ochandiano described these long-term processes in three neighborhoods of the seventh district (arrondissement)1: La Guillotière and Gerland. If we focus on the first neighborhood, In these migrant areas, a genuine culture of mobility and emigration has developed and has had a profound effect on the organisation of social groups and their ways of life. The industrial development of the 19th century led these groups to expand their radius of action: […] the new building use in Lyon of a material such as plaster, require professional skills that are lacking in the local workforce. Hence the development, in the 19th century, on a still modest scale, of an immigration essentially seasonal, with mostly skilled or even highly skilled workers like the wood ornamentalists from Piedmont2 (de Ochandiano, 2012: 1-2). Besides, the immigration that feeds La Guillotière has the same characteristics and is developing for the same reasons: […] we are faced with professional migration channels that supply most of the time of very small production units. (Ibid : 2). Therefore, since the 1880 decade, the Italian population became demographically predominant in this neighborhood. The same phenomenon was existing at this time in Gerland, but related to different economic activities: « In this space, large industries were established in the second half of the 19th century: a few glass factories each employing several hundred workers, from many establishments that depend on the animal industry […] and chemical plants […] » (Ibid : 3). This particular structure of local economics created a context favorable to the employment of low-skilled workers: «The factories that set up in Gerland are also relying less and less on the work of workers skilled […]. On the contrary, they are seeking to recruit a number more and more workers with no real qualification […]. The French workers showed some resistance to occupying these demeaning and off-putting positions. These are, therefore, in many of the cases, the foreigners who accepted them […]» (Ibid : 3). These economic transformations progressively led to an Italian prominence in Gerland: «only three Italians live in the impasse Gerland (now rue Lortet) in 1886. They are 16 ten years later, 40 in 1901, 123 in 1906 and 130 in 1911. At that time, they represented 42% of the inhabitants of the street. The Glassworkers’ Way was already home to 6% of transalpine traffic in 1886 (29 out of 448). This rate rises to 16% in 1901, then to 31% in 1911.» (Ibid: 4). Behind these two cases, we can highlight the existence of Swiss and German communities in the region of Lyon between the middle of the 19th century and 1914 (d’Abrigeon, 1989). This tendency will continue after the World War I and even increase because of economic dynamics but also political events (such as the Russian Revolution and civil war, the Armenian genocide, and Mussolini’s rise to power). This immigration increase is particularly visible in the official census data from this period: « while in 1921 foreigners accounted for 10.7% of the Villeurbanne’s population, their numbers rose to 16.8% ten years later in 1931 and 15.38% in 1936» (Mounchit, undated). During the Nazi occupation, a part of these migrant-origin populations will be involved in the French Resistance, such as anti-fascist Italians, who joined 1 Lyon is subdivided in nine districts. 2 The texts from which the extracts are quoted were all originally published in French. All the translations have been carried out by ourselves. 6 the FTP (Francs-tireurs et partisans) and the MOI (Main d’œuvre immigrée) organizations, linked to the French Communist Party (Parti communiste français – PCF) (Collin, 2005). In a regional perspective, after World War II, the foreign population was much less numerous in the territory of what constitutes today the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region: if we exclude