Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Summer 2019 Inequality as a Multidimensional Process Michèle Lamont & Paul Pierson, guest editors with David B. Grusky · Peter A. Hall Hazel Rose Markus · Patrick Le Galès Irene Bloemraad · Will Kymlicka Leanne S. Son Hing · Anne E. Wilson Peter Gourevitch · Jaslyn English · Parco Sin Jane Jenson · Francesca Polletta Paige Raibmon · Jennifer L. Hochschild Katherine S. Newman · Vijayendra Rao Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences “Inequality as a Multidimensional Process” Volume 148, Number 3; Summer 2019 Michèle Lamont & Paul Pierson, Guest Editors Phyllis S. Bendell, Managing Editor and Director of Publications Peter Walton, Associate Editor Heather M. Struntz, Assistant Editor Committee on Studies and Publications John Mark Hansen, Chair; Rosina Bierbaum, Johanna Drucker, Gerald Early, Carol Gluck, Linda Greenhouse, John Hildebrand, Philip Khoury, Arthur Kleinman, Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot, Alan I. Leshner, Rose McDermott, Michael S. McPherson, Frances McCall Rosenbluth, Scott D. Sagan, Nancy C. Andrews (ex officio), David W. Oxtoby (ex officio), Diane P. Wood (ex officio) Inside front cover: Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), Sisyphus, 1548–1549. Oil on canvas. 237 cm x 216 cm (height x width). Museo Nacional del Prado; inventory number P000426. Image provided by Fine Art Images, Wiesbaden. Contents 5 Inequality Generation & Persistence as Multidimensional Processes: An Interdisciplinary Agenda Michèle Lamont & Paul Pierson 19 The Rise of Opportunity Markets: How Did It Happen & What Can We Do? David B. Grusky, Peter A. Hall & Hazel Rose Markus 46 “Superstar Cities” & the Generation of Durable Inequality Patrick Le Galès & Paul Pierson 73 Membership without Social Citizenship? Deservingness & Redistribution as Grounds for Equality Irene Bloemraad, Will Kymlicka, Michèle Lamont & Leanne S. Son Hing 105 Failure to Respond to Rising Income Inequality: Processes That Legitimize Growing Disparities Leanne S. Son Hing, Anne E. Wilson, Peter Gourevitch, Jaslyn English & Parco Sin 136 The Difficulties of Combating Inequality in Time Jane Jenson, Francesca Polletta & Paige Raibmon Commentaries 164 Political Inequality, “Real” Public Preferences, Historical Comparisons & Axes of Disadvantage Jennifer L. Hochschild 173 New Angles on Inequality Katherine S. Newman 181 Process-Policy & Outcome-Policy: Rethinking How to Address Poverty & Inequality Vijayendra Rao Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Nineteenth-century depiction of a Roman mosaic labyrinth, now lost, found in Villa di Diomede, Pompeii Dædalus was founded in 1955 and established as a quarterly in 1958. The journal’s namesake was renowned in ancient Greece as an inventor, scientist, and unriddler of riddles. 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Inequality Generation & Persistence as Multidimensional Processes: An Interdisciplinary Agenda Michèle Lamont & Paul Pierson Rising inequality is widely seen as one of our most pressing social problems and a focal point for so- cial science research.1 Much of the concern, ampli- fied by the argument in economist Thomas Piket- ty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century, centers on the prospect that inequality may take extremely dura- ble forms.2 It is not just that some are advantaged michÈle lamont is Professor of Sociology, Professor of Afri- or disadvantaged, but that structures of advantage can and African American Stud- and disadvantage may become more self-reinforc- ies, the Robert I. Goldman Pro- ing and cumulative.3 It is the persistence and deep- fessor of European Studies, and ening of inequality that raises many of the most Director of the Weatherhead troubling issues. Center for International Affairs One reason to fear that inequalities may be in- at Harvard University; and Codi- creasingly durable is the declining effective- rector of the Successful Societies program at the Canadian Insti- ness of key processes of equality generation. The tute for Advanced Research. “great compression” in social outcomes during the mid-twentieth century, witnessed across the af- paul pierson, a Fellow of the fluent West, rested in part on core social arrange- American Academy since 2016, is the John Gross Professor of Po- ments that both facilitated more equal econom- litical Science at the University ic outcomes directly and expanded social oppor- of California, Berkeley, and Co- tunities. These arrangements included improved director of the Successful Socie- and greatly expanded mass education; continu- ties program at the Canadian In- ing movement from rural to more densely popu- stitute for Advanced Research. lated areas that promised better economic oppor- (Complete author biographies appear tunities and improved prospects for social integra- at the end of the essay.) tion; an expansion of access to citizenship and