SEA8 Technical Report – Marine Archaeological Heritage ______________________________________________________________ Report prepared by: Maritime Archaeology Ltd Room W1/95 National Oceanography Centre Empress Dock Southampton SO14 3ZH © Maritime Archaeology Ltd In conjunction with: Dr Nic Flemming Sheets Heath, Benwell Road Brookwood, Surrey GU23 OEN This document was produced as part of the UK Department of Trade and Industry's offshore energy Strategic Environmental Assessment programme. The SEA programme is funded and managed by the DTI and coordinated on their behalf by Geotek Ltd and Hartley Anderson Ltd. © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved Document Authorisation Name Position Details Signature/ Initial Date J. Jansen van Project Officer Checked Final Copy J.J.V.R 16 April 07 Rensburg G. Momber Project Specialist Checked Final Copy GM 18 April 07 J. Satchell Project Manager Authorised final J.S 23 April 07 Copy Maritime Archaeology Ltd Project No 1770 2 Room W1/95, National Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, Southampton. SO14 3ZH. www.maritimearchaeology.co.uk SEA8 Technical Report – Marine Archaeological Heritage ______________________________________________________________ Contents I LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................5 II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................7 1. NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY................................................................................8 1.1 PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY SUMMARY ...............................................................8 1.2 MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY SUMMARY...................................................................10 1.3 OIL AND GAS ACTIVITY .......................................................................................12 2. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................14 3. METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................16 3.1 PROJECT DATA ..................................................................................................16 3.2 PROJECT APPROACH ..........................................................................................17 4. OVERVIEW OF LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE................................................19 4.1 INTERNATIONAL ..................................................................................................19 4.2 NATIONAL...........................................................................................................22 4.3 REGIONAL ..........................................................................................................29 4.4 SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................32 5. SEA LEVEL CHANGES AND HUMAN MOVEMENT ACROSS SEA8.................33 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................33 5.2. 700 KA TO 125 KA BP: GEOLOGY AND THE EARLY GLACIATIONS ..........................33 5.3 125KA- 6KA: THE LAST GLACIAL CYCLE, NEANDERTHALS, AND THE FINAL OCCUPATION OF THE BRITISH ISLES ..........................................................................40 5.4. 6KA TO PRESENT ...............................................................................................47 5.5 SUMMARY OF PERIODS WHEN HOMININS MUST HAVE CROSSED THE CONTINENTAL SHELF......................................................................................................................48 6. PREHISTORIC MARINE ARCHAEOLOGY ..........................................................50 6.1 CONTEXT FOR PREHISTORIC MARINE ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS.......................50 6.2 PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND FINDS IN THE SEA8 AREA..................51 6.3 OVERVIEW OF POTENTIAL FOR PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS ...........71 6.4 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRESERVATION OF PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY ........................................................................................................74 6.5 SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS FAVOURING HIGH PREHISTORIC SITE POTENTIAL ..........76 7. MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY ................................................................................79 7.1 CHRONOLOGY FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY .....................................................79 7.2 MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY OF TRADE AND TRANSPORT ........................................86 7.3 MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY OF WARFARE AND SEA BATTLES ...............................102 7.4 PORTS AND HARBOURS AND ANCHORAGES .......................................................111 7.5 AVIATION ARCHAEOLOGY UNDERWATER ...........................................................118 7.6 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRESERVATION OF MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS....................................................................................120 7.7 SUMMARY OF FACTORS FAVOURING HIGH MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE POTENTIAL .............................................................................................................128 8. OIL AND GAS ACTIVITY ....................................................................................130 8.1 OPPORTUNITIES ...............................................................................................130 8.2 IMPACTS ..........................................................................................................132 8.3 MITIGATION - REPORTING AND RECORDING PROTOCOLS AND PRACTICES ..........134 9. REFERENCES.....................................................................................................137 Maritime Archaeology Ltd Project No 1770 3 Room W1/95, National Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, Southampton. SO14 3ZH. www.maritimearchaeology.co.uk SEA8 Technical Report – Marine Archaeological Heritage ______________________________________________________________ 9.1 PUBLICATIONS..................................................................................................137 9.2 WEBSITES ........................................................................................................153 10. APPENDICES....................................................................................................156 10.1 INFORMATION ON DESIGNATED HISTORIC WRECK SITES WITHIN THE SEA8 AREA ..............................................................................................................................156 10.2 GAZETTEER OF SITES REFERENCED IN THE TEXT .............................................163 Maritime Archaeology Ltd Project No 1770 4 Room W1/95, National Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, Southampton. SO14 3ZH. www.maritimearchaeology.co.uk SEA8 Technical Report – Marine Archaeological Heritage ______________________________________________________________ i List of Figures Section Two Figure 2.1 The SEA8 area Section Three Figure 3.1 Timeline of dates and periods Section Four Figure 4.1 The location of wrecks designated under the PMRA in the SEA8 area Figure 4.2 The location of all Designated Historic Wreck sites within the SEA8 area Section Five Figure 5.1 Images showing major Pleistocene River systems in western and eastern English Channel (Copyright John Wiley & Sons Limited. Reproduced with permission) Figure 5.2 Palaeoshorelines between 500ka to 100ka (Copyright John Wiley & Sons Limited. Reproduced with permission) Figure 5.3 BGS map showing network of buried and infilled channels (Copyright BGS) Figure 5.4 Distribution of prehistoric sites referenced in Section 5 Figure 5.5 Oppenheimer’s model for re-occupation of Britain based on female and male gene clustering (Oppenheimer, S. Reproduced with permission) Figure 5.6 Oppenheimer’s model showing male gene clusters moving into Britain from around 11,500ka (Oppenheimer, S. Reproduced with permission) Figure 5.7 Isobase maps of predicted shorelines, shoreline locations and ice sheet limits for selected epochs (After Lambeck 1995) Figure 5.8 Isobase maps of predicted shorelines, shoreline locations and ice sheet limits for selected epochs (After Lambeck 1995) Figure 5.9 Palaeogeographic reconstructions of Northwest Europe (After Shennan et al 2000) Figure 5.10 Map showing various reconstructions of permafrost distribution during the Devensian/Weichselian (Copyright John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Reproduced with permission) Section Six Figure 6.1 Distribution of Lower Palaeolithic sites Figure 6.2 Acheulian hand axe Figure 6.3 Levallois core tool Figure 6.4 Distribution of Middle Palaeolithic sites Figure 6.5 Distribution of Early Upper Palaeolithic sites Figure 6.6 Distribution of Late Upper Palaeolithic sites Figure 6.7 Examples of Upper Palaeolithic Creswellian tools and long blades Figure 6.8 The Scheduled Ancient Monument site of Hengistbury Head Figure 6.9 Distribution of Mesolithic sites Figure 6.10 Example of Mesolithic blade Figure 6.11 Megalithic tomb at Bryn-celly-ou, Wales (G. Momber) Figure 6.12 Distribution of Neolithic sites Figure 6.13 Trackways, typologically similar to Neolithic examples, eroding from the inter tidal muds on the River Test (HWTMA) Figure 6.14 Image showing the four zones of potential for preservation of prehistoric archaeology Section Seven Fig 7.1 The Fiskerton Logboat (D.McElvogue) Figure 7.2 The remains of the Tudor Warship Mary Rose (D.McElvogue) Maritime Archaeology Ltd Project No 1770 5 Room W1/95, National Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock,