13 Geology of the Kaikoura Area 1 : 2 5 0 0 0 0 G e o l o g i c a l M a p M. S. Rattenbury D. B. Townsend M. R. Johnston (Compilers) Age Oxygen New (ka) isotopeZealand International New Zealand Age International New Zealand events stages 251.0 (Ma) 0 Changhsingian ‘Makarewan’ YDm Haweran Wq 1 2 ‘Waiitian’ YDw 3 Castlecliffian Wc 4 Late ocene Wuchiapingian Pleist- ‘Puruhauan’ YDp Quat 100 5 d'Urville 1.8 260.4 (Lopingian) Gelasian Nukumaruan Wn 6 Capitanian Flettian YAf Late Piacenzian Mangapanian Wm Wanganui 200 Waipipian Wp 7 3.6 Haweran Middle Wordian 8 Pliocene Zanclean Opoitian Wo (Guadalupian) Roadian 270.6 Barrettian YAr Early 300 5.3 9 Kungurian Kapitean Tk 10 Aparima Messinian Mangapirian YAm 400 11 Permian Artinskian 12 Telfordian YAt 500 13 Early Tortonian Tongaporutuan Tt Taranaki Sakmarian Late 14 (Cisuralian) (unassigned) Ypt 600 15 Asselian 16 299.0 11.2 17 Gzhelian 700 18 Waiauan Sw 19 Serravallian 20 Castlecliffian Kasimovian 21 800 Moscovian Southland Middle Lillburnian Sl Miocene 900 Pennsylvanian Bashkirian Langhian Clifdenian Sc 16.4 1000 318.1 Serpukhovian Altonian Pl Tertiary Burdigalian Pareora (unassigned) F CENOZOIC Early Otaian Po Aquitanian Waitakian Lw 23.8 Carboniferous Visean Chattian Duntroonian Ld 28.5 Late Landon Mississippian Rupelian Whaingaroan Lwh Oligocene Early 33.7 Runangan Ar Late Priabonian Bartonian Kaiatan Ak 41.3 Arnold Bortonian Ab Tournasian Lutetian Porangan Dp Middle Eocene Heretaungan Dh 49.0 359.2 Mangaorapan Dm Famennian Ypresian Early Waipawan Dw JU 55.5 Late Frasnian Thanetian 385.3 Dannevirke Givetian Late Selandian Teurian Dt 61.0 JM Danian Middle Eifelian Early 397.5 65.0 Paleocene Maastrichtian Emsian Jzl Haumurian Mh Campanian Mata Devonian Pragian Jpr Santonian Piripauan Mp Late Early Coniacian Teratan Rt Mangaotanean Rm Lochkovian Jlo Turonian Arowhanan Ra Raukumara 417.2 PALEOZOIC Cenomanian Ngaterian Cn Pridoli 99.6 Motuan Cm Albian Ludlow Clarence Cretaceous Urutawan Cu 423.5 E Korangan Uk Silurian Wenlock Aptian Llandovery Barremian 443.2 Early Undifferentiated Hauterivian Hirnantian (7) Taitai Bolindan Vbo Taitai Valanginian Series Stage 6 Eastonian Vea Berriasian Late 145.5 Puaroan Op Stage 5 Gisbornian Vgi Tithonian Oteke 460.5 Darriwilian (4) Darriwilian Vda Ohauan Ko Yapeenian Vya Kimmeridgian Middle Stage 3 Castlemainian Vca Late 472.0 Vch Chewtonian Heterian Kh Ordovician Oxfordian Bendigonian Vbe 157.0 Stage 2 Callovian Bathonian Kawhia MESOZOIC Temaikan Kt Middle Early Lancefieldian Vla Bajocian Jurassic Tremadocian (1) Aalenian 175.6 pre-Lancefieldian Vpl 490.0 Stage 6 Datsonian Xda Toarcian Ururoan Hu Payntonian Xpa Paibian (5) Xiv Late Iverian 501 Idamean Xid Pliensbachian Mindyallan Xmi Herangi Stage 4 Early Boomerangian Xbo Sinemurian Undillan Xun Aratauran Ha Stage 3 Hettangian Floran Xfl 199.6 Stage 2 Rhaetian Otapirian Bo Middle Warepan Bw Ordian/Lower Stage 1 Xor Norian Templetonian Balfour Otamitan Bm Late Cambrian Oretian Br Carnian Kaihikuan Gk 237.0 Triassic Early Ladinian XL Etalian Ge Middle 542.0 Gore Anisian New Zealand geological Precambrian Z 245.0 Malakovian Gm Olenekian time scale from Cooper Nelsonian Gn Early Induan 251.0 (2004). Geology of the Kaikoura Area Scale 1:250 000 M. S. RATTENBURY D. B. TOWNSEND M. R. JOHNSTON (COMPILERS) Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:250 000 Geological Map 13 GNS Science Lower Hutt, New Zealand 2006 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE Rattenbury, M.S., Townsend, D.B., Johnston, M.R. (compilers) 2006: Geology of the Kaikoura area. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:250 000 geological map 13. 1 sheet + 70p. Lower Hutt, New Zealand. GNS Science. Edited, designed and prepared for publication by P.J. Forsyth, P.L. Murray, P.A. Carthew and D.W. Heron. Printed by Graphic Press & Packaging Ltd, Levin ISBN 0-478-09925-8 © Copyright Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited 2006 FRONT COVER The Kaikoura Peninsula or Te Taumanu o Te Waka a Maui has an extensive shore platform cut into gently folded Late Cretaceous to Oligocene sedimentary rocks. The coastal cliffs are capped by beach deposits on raised marine terraces resulting from Late Quaternary uplift. In the background the Seaward Kaikoura Range rises from the active Hope Fault at the base of the range. Te Taumanu o Te Waka a Maui, meaning the oarsman’s bench or thwarts of the canoe of Maui, is according to legend where Maui stood and cast his magical fish hook into the ocean. From his cast, he pulled up a giant fish, Te Ika a Maui, the North Island of New Zealand. Photo CN 23908/19: D. L. Homer ii CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................... v Pahau terrane ............................................................. 25 Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sedimentary and KEYWORDS .................................................................. v volcanic rocks ....................................................... 25 Esk Head belt .............................................................. 27 INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 1 Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous sedimentary and THE QMAP SERIES ....................................................... 1 volcanic rocks ....................................................... 27 The QMAP geographic information system .................. 1 CRETACEOUS TO PLIOCENE ..................................... 29 Data sources .................................................................. 1 Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic rocks ................ 29 Reliability ....................................................................... 1 Cretaceous igneous rocks ............................................ 34 REGIONAL SETTING .................................................... 3 Paleocene to Eocene sedimentary rocks ...................... 35 Late Eocene to Pliocene sedimentary and volcanic GEOMORPHOLOGY ...................................................... 6 rocks ..................................................................... 38 Southeast of the Alpine Fault ..................................... 38 Main Divide ranges ........................................................ 6 Northwest of the Alpine Fault ..................................... 41 Kaikoura ranges ............................................................. 6 Hanmer Basin ................................................................. 6 QUATERNARY ............................................................ 43 Northern Canterbury basins and ranges ........................ 9 Alluvial terrace and floodplain deposits ...................... 43 Coastal landforms .......................................................... 9 Unmapped surficial deposits ....................................... 44 Alpine Fault ................................................................. 11 Alluvial fan and scree deposits .................................... 44 Lakes ............................................................................ 11 Till deposits ................................................................. 46 Rivers ........................................................................... 11 Landslide deposits ....................................................... 46 Offshore physiography ................................................ 11 Swamp and lake deposits ............................................. 46 STRATIGRAPHY ........................................................ 13 Marine deposits ........................................................... 47 Sand deposits .............................................................. 47 CAMBRIAN TO CRETACEOUS ................................. 13 OFFSHORE GEOLOGY ................................................ 47 Buller terrane .............................................................. 13 TECTONIC HISTORY ................................................ 48 Early Ordovician sedimentary rocks ............................ 13 Early to mid-Paleozoic .................................................. 48 Takaka terrane ............................................................ 13 Late Paleozoic to Early Cretaceous .............................. 48 Middle Cambrian to Late Ordovician sedimentary Mid- to Late Cretaceous and Paleogene ...................... 48 rocks ..................................................................... 13 Neogene ....................................................................... 49 Karamea Batholith...................................................... 13 GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES ..................................... 50 Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous intrusive rocks ..................................................................... 13 Metallic minerals .......................................................... 50 Non-metallic minerals ................................................... 50 Median Batholith ........................................................ 14 Rock ............................................................................. 51 Late Triassic to Late Jurassic igneous rocks and Coal .............................................................................. 53 associated sedimentary rocks ............................... 14 Water ........................................................................... 53 Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks ................................. 15 Oil and gas ................................................................... 53 Brook Street terrane ................................................... 16