Wai 1040, #A70 HORAHORA LOCAL STUDY 23 November 2016 Barry Rigby Waitangi Tribunal Unit, November 2016 A report commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal for the local issues research programme for the Te Paparahi o Te Raki (Wai 1040) inquiry. Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 1 1. 1 The Research Commission ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Purpose .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Location ................................................................................................................................................. 2 1.4 Scope and Methodology .................................................................................................................. 2 1.5 The Claims ............................................................................................................................................ 9 1.6 Claimant Evidence ........................................................................................................................... 10 1.7 Organisation of the Report ........................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Origin of the Name ‘Horahora’ .................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Remoteness ........................................................................................................................................ 13 2.3 Land and Landscape ....................................................................................................................... 13 2.4 Te Waiariki ......................................................................................................................................... 15 2.5 Ngunguru Maori Population ........................................................................................................ 18 2.6 Ngunguru, 1870s – 1920s ............................................................................................................. 19 2.7 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 3: ASPECTS OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF HORAHORA ............................................ 23 3.1 Before 1877 ........................................................................................................................................ 23 3.2 Survey, 1877 ...................................................................................................................................... 23 3.3 Horahora Native Land Court Title, 1877 ................................................................................ 25 3.4 Partitions, 1877 – 1900 ................................................................................................................. 30 3.5 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 4: LAND ALIENATION AND FRAGMENTATION, MID 1890s-1930s.................... 32 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 32 4.2 Legislation, 1890s ............................................................................................................................ 33 ii 4.3 Horahora Alienation and Fragmentation ............................................................................... 35 4.4 Snapshot of Whangarei Maori Land, 1908 ............................................................................. 37 4.5 Continuing Alienation and Fragmentation, 1900 – 1940 ................................................. 41 4.6 Leasing, Land Retention and Vesting ....................................................................................... 52 4.7 Land Exchanges, 1930s .................................................................................................................. 59 4.8 Rating Issues, 1920s and 1930s ................................................................................................. 60 4.9 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 5: LAND ALIENATION AND FRAGMENTATION, 1940s – 1980 ............................ 62 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 62 5.2 Legislation, 1940s – 1980s ........................................................................................................... 62 5.3 Alienation and Fragmentation, 1940 – 1980 ........................................................................ 64 5.4 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 6: THE NGUNGURU SANDSPIT .......................................................................................... 76 6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 76 6.2 Nineteenth Century Sandspit History and Significance to Te Waiariki ...................... 77 6.3 Prelude to the 1963 Alienation ................................................................................................... 77 6.4 Ngunguru Sandspit Timeline, 1963 – 2015 ........................................................................... 85 6.5 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 7: PUBLIC WORKS UP TO THE EARLY 1980s .............................................................. 91 7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 91 7.2 The Taking of Maori Land for Public Works .......................................................................... 91 7.3 Roading ................................................................................................................................................ 92 7.4 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 96 CHAPTER 8: LAND DEVELOPMENT, FARMING AND OTHER LAND USE ............................... 98 8.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 98 8.2 Horahora Land Development ...................................................................................................... 98 8.3 Horahora Land Reclamation ..................................................................................................... 102 8.4 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 104 iii CHAPTER 9: HORAHORA AND THE CROWN’S COASTAL RESERVES, 1970 – 1980 ....... 105 9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 105 9.2 Whangarei County Coastal Reserves ..................................................................................... 106 9.3 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 110 CHAPTER 10: CONTEMPORARY ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENTS ........................................... 111 10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 111 10.2 Access to a Remedy under Section 45 of Te Ture Whenua Maori Act ................... 112 10.3 Summary and Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 113 CHAPTER 11: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE REPORT ........................................... 114 11.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 114 11.2 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 114 11.3 Answers to Commission Questions ..................................................................................... 117 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................................... 122 APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................................... 138 RESEARCH COMMISSIONS, Wai 1040, #2.3.15 AND #2.3.72 ............................................